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CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF DBMS, ANSI-SPARC(American National Standard) -…

- - - - User Of DBMS
        End User - the people who use the application programs to run the organizations daily operations.
        EXAMPLE
        Sales, clerks, supervisors, managers, and directors are all classified as end users.
        
        ~Fabian Joedin~
        
        Users of DBMS (cont.)
        Application Programmers
        
        Is an individual who writes application programs in a user organization
        
        Database Administrator
        
        Manage the DBMS and ensure that the database is functioning properly.
        
        ~Fabian Joedin~
        
        Problems with conventional file processing system
        
        database system attempts to solve the difficulties in conventional file processing system.
        
        examples:
        
        data redundancy and inconsistency
        
        difficulties in accessing data
        
        data isolation
        
        integrity problems
        
        atomicity problems
        
        concurrent access anomalies
        security problems
        
        ~SARRAH AQILAH~
        
        traditional approach to information processing
        
        in traditional approach, information is stored in flat files which are maintained by the file system under the operating system's control.
        
        application programs go through the file system in order to access these flat files
        
        ~ SARRAH AQILAH~
        
        Traditional approach to information processing (cont.)
        
        ERITNEY MAJA
        
        Traditional approach to information processing (cont.)
        How data is stored in flat files:
        
        Data is stored in flat files as records.
        
        Records consist of various fields which are delimited by a space, comma, pipe, any special character, etc.
        
        End of records and end of files will be marked using any predetermined character set or special characters in order to identify them.
        
        ERITNEY MAJA
  - - - -Two generic database are Centralize Database and Distributed Database.
        Mukhriz Danish
        
        Centralize Database is where all the data of an organization is stored in a single place such as a mainframe computer or a server.
        Mukhriz Danish
        
        Diagram Of Centralize Database
        Mukhriz Danish
        
        Distributed Database is where the data is stored in storage devices that are located in different physical locations.
        Mukhriz Danish
        
        Diagram of Distributed Database
        Mukhriz Danish
- - - - syafiq azwan
      - EXTERNAL LEVEL: User's view of the DB where only a part of the database is suitable to the requirement of each user
        Views of users:
        
        Accessibility to certain data, defined in specific views, is restricted to users.
        
        The same data can be viewed and present differently.
        Some view only stored virtual data where the data can be produced only when needed.
        SYAHEMA
      - CONCEPTUAL LEVEL:
        The middle level between the external and the internal levels.
        Represent: what data & relationship between data
        CONTAIN:- Entities, attributes and relationship.
        -Constraint of data
        -Semantic information of the data.
        -Security and integrity information
        Supports the external scheme where any data useful to users need to be stated in this level.
        Represent a complete organizational enviroment.
        
        Typical Client-Server Arrangement of
        Database and Software
        Puteri Nadiatul
        a) Client, Server, and Database on
        different computers
        
        b) Multiple clients and one server on different computers
        Puteri Nadiatul
        
        c) Multiple servers and database on different computers
        Puteri Nadiatul
        
        TWO CATEGORIES OF DBMS
        
        Abdul Hakim
        DESKTOP DATABASE
        
        2 more items...
        
        Abdul Hakim SERVER DATABASE
        
        1 more item...
- - - - **CONT**
        
        Inventory Tracking :storage room
        
        -personal Database : employee information can simplfy scheduling
        -Analyse : Reporting features of database to ensure useful resources
        Afiq
      - Database development proces Afiq
        -Data modeling is the first step in the database development process. -Collecting and analyzing the data hat a business needs to track
        
        Database Development Process
        Database design phase
        
        The second step in development process.
        
        Translates the information modeled on the entity relationship diagram to a table instance chart.
        
        Brianne Mith
        
        The table instance chart
        Lists the design specifications of the information and has the following components:
        
        Table name
        
        Column names
        
        Primary and Foreign keys
        
        Nulls : indicates if a collumn is unique within the table
        
        Data type : identifies the definition and format of the data stored in each collumn.
        
        Brianne Mith
  - - - -Brendon Tini-
        PROPERTIES OF A DATABASE
        Completeness
        . Ensures that users can access the data they want. Notes that this includes ad hoc queries, which would not be explicitly given as part of the statement of data requirements.
        Integrity
        . Ensures that data is both consistent ( no contradictory data) and correct (no invalid data) and ensures that users trust the database
        Flexibility
        . Ensures that database can evolve (without requiring excessive effort) to satisfy changing user requirement.
        
        -Brendon Tini-
        PROPERTIES OF DATABASE (cont.)
        Efficiency
        . Ensures that users do not have unduly long response times when accessing data.
        Usability ( ease of use)
        . Ensures that data can be accessed and manipulated in ways which match user requirement.