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Healthcare Associated Infections (general) - Coggle Diagram
Healthcare Associated Infections (general)
Epidemiology
Causative organisms
Bacteria
Gram +
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Methicillin-resistant
Staph. aureus
(MRSA)
C. difficile
Gram -
Meningococcal disease
Multidrug resistant gram - bacilli
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
Others
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Legionella pneumophila
Viruses
Influenza virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Varicella zoster virus
Chickenpox
Shingles
Hepatitis virus A-E
HIV
Fungi
Aspergillus
Parasites
Sarcoptes scabei
Scabies
Prions
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Transmission
Contact
Most common
Direct
Hands of healthcare workers/other patients
Indirect
Contaminated objects
Droplet
Coughing/sneezing/talking
Droplets propel short distance through air
Deposit on nasal mucosa/mouth/conjunctiva
Examples
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Influenza virus
Airborne
Inhalation of airborne droplet nuclei or contaminated dust particles
Droplet nuclei suspended in air for longer and travel longer distances
Examples
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Varicella zoster virus
Food-borne spread
Salmonella
E. Coli
Blood-borne spread
Needlestick injuries
Contaminated sharp injuries
Examples
Hepatitis B/C
HIV
Risk factors
Extremees of age
Underlying illness
Diagnostic/therapeutic procedures
Surgical procedure
Invasive device in situ
Central venous catheter
Peripheral venous catheter
Urinary catheter
Respiratory tract intubation
Requiring critical care
Pathogenesis
Endogenous
Normal flora of...
Skin
GIT
Oropharynx
Exogenous
Cross-infection
Transmission of organisms from other patients/hospital staff
Environmental
Fixed structures of hospital, equipment, medication