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Energy Sources - HL 2022 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - estimated cost: $0.06 to $0.25
      - 63% efficiency
      - definition: solar thermal energy --> heat up fluid --> produces steam --> mechanical energy with a turbine --> electricity
        
        secondary source
      - 4 types
        
        trough systems
        
        dish system
        
        central receiver system
        
        linear fresnel reflector
      - pros: renewable, sustainable, low maintenance, works in different climate, efficient
      - cons: expensive, weather dependence, limited space, solar battery storage is expensive
    - - Photovoltaic (PV) cells are able to convert radiation from the Sun directly into electricity.
        
        Monocrystalline Silicon
        
        Polycrystalline Silicon
        
        Amorphous Silicon
        
        Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
        
        Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)
        
        E = hf - Φ
      - 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.60x106 J
        
        13 cents/kWh
      - Electromagnetic waves > Electrical Energy
      - Pros: High reliability, strong persistence, low maintenance costs, zero fuel consumption.
      - Cons: intermittency problems, not very reliable, uses larger area, easily damaged. entirely dependent on available sunlight
  - - - Batteries get hyped, but pumped hydro provides the vast majority of long-term energy storage essential for renewable power – here’s how it works(https://theconversation.com/batteries-get-hyped-but-pumped-hydro-provides-the-vast-majority-of-long-term-energy-storage-essential-for-renewable-power-heres-how-it-works-174446)
        
        Definition: The use of low-cost electricity to pump water from a lower reservoir to the upper reservoir. During peak demand, water will be released from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir through a turbine, generating electricity.
        
        Pros
        
        renewable energy resource
        
        pairs well with other renewables like solar and wind
        
        can meet peak electricity demand
        
        Cons
        
        Some adverse environmental impact
        
        Expensive up-front
        
        Lack of available reservoirs, geographic limitations
        
        Cost per kWh
        
        $165/kWh
        
        Future of Pumped Storage: As the world attempts to transition to renewable energy, cheap energy storage like pumped energy will be essential in providing abundant, long-term energy.
        
        Secondary Source (we think)
    - - Definitions: A form of energy that harnesses the power of water in motion
      - Cons:
        
        Expensive Initially
        
        Install: 600/kW - 4500/kW
        0.85 cents per kilowatt-hour
        
        Flood Risk
        
        Susceptible to Droughts
        
        Ecosystem damage and loss of wetlands
      - Pros:
        
        Good for environment - Emission free
        
        Renewable resource
        
        reliable and highly efficient
        
        Adjustable
        
        Faster developed land
      - Primary source of Energy
      - Future of Hydroelectric
        
        Expected to remain one of the largest sources of renewable energy for decades. The International Energy Agency (IEA) expects hydropower generation to rise another 50% by 2040.
  - - - The wind turbine industry generates jobs
      - One of the cleanest forms of energy: does not emit greenhouse gasses
      - low operating costs
      - Space efficient
      - Non intrusive, can be built on previously existing farms
    - - Wind Reliability: Turbines generally function at 30% capacity
      - Noise and visual Pollution
      - Debatable cost trade off
      - Expensive upfront cost ($1,300,000 USD per megawatt)
    - - The most distinctive characteristic of the Sweep Twist Adaptive Rotor (STAR) blade is a gently curved tip, which, unlike the vast majority of blades in use, is specially designed to take maximum advantage of all wind speeds, including slower speeds.
      - Can be a source of renewable energy in all 50 states by 2050
- - - - Does not produce carbon dioxide
      - Economical to maintain
      - Energy efficient
      - Large supply of uranium
      - Produces Cheap electricity
    - - High start up costs
      - Catastrophic malfunctions (Chernobyl)
      - Uranium is a non-renewable resource, so Nuclear energy may not always support us
      - Disposing nuclear waste can contribute to water
        pollution