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SOCIAL INFLUENCE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - holland argues that participants acted the way they did because they did not believe that the shocks were real
      - milgram not testing what he intended to test.
      - however a similar study was conducted where real shocks were given to a puppy. 100% of the females delivered what they thought to be a fatal shock. this suggests that milligrams study was genuine because people behaved the same way with real shocks.
    - - milgram argued that the lab environment accurately reflected wider authority relationships in real life. Other research supports this argument.
      - studied nurses on a hospital ward and found that levels of obedience to unjustified demands by doctors were very high. (21 out of 22 obeying)
      - can be generalised to real life situations.
    - - milgram led the participants to believe that the allocation of roles were random however they were fixed.
      - most significant deception involved was leading the participants to believe that the shocks were real when they were intact fake
- - - - even more likely that participants in milgrams variations realised it was faked because of the extra manipulation- especially the uniform variable.
      - even milgram recognised this situation was so contrived that some participants may have worked out the truth.
      - limitation as its nuclear whether the results are genuinely due to the operation of obedience or because the participants saw through the deception.
- - - - for example, milgram attempted to shift the responsibility onto the victim- he was foolish to volunteer.
    - - agent shift doesn't explain many of the research findings, it does not explain why some of the participants did not obey. ageing shift can only account for some situations of obedience.
  - - - problems arise when legitimate authority becomes destructive. ordering people to behave in ways that are callous, cruel and stupid and dangerous. Destructive authority was shown in Milgrams study by using prods.
  - - - countries differ in the degree to which people are traditionally obedient. Milgrams study was replicated in Australia and found that only 16% of their participants went al, the way to the top of the voltage scale. Mantell found that in Germany 85% did. shows that in some cultures authority is more likely to be accepted as legitimate. Cross sutural research increase the validity of the explanation.
- - - - people with authoritarian leanings identified with strong people an were contemptuous of the weak. they were very conscious of their own and others status, showing excessive respect to those of higher status.
      - cognitive style- fixed and distinctive stereotypes about other grouo. strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice
    - - tendency to be especially obident to authority. they have an extreme respect for authority and submissiveness to it. highly conventional attitudes towards sex, race and gender. view society as going to the dogs- therefore believe we need strong and powerful leaders.everything is either right or wrong0 very uncomfortable with uncertainty.
  - - - this is a limitation of adorns theory because it is clear that an alternative explanation is much more realistic- that social identity explains obedience.
- - - - social support can help people to resist conformity. the pressure to conform can be reduced if there are other people present who are not conforming
      - the person not conforming doesn't have to be giving the right answer but simply the fact that someone else is not following the majority but simply the fact that someone else is not following the majority seems to enable a person to be free to follow their own conscience.
      - if this non conforming person starts conforming again, so does the naive participant.
    - - the pressure obey can be reduced if there is another person who is seen to disobey. in one of milgrams variations, the rate of obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when the genuine participant was joined by a disobedient confederate.
    - - resistance to conformity
      - allen and levine found that conformity decreased when there was one dissenter in an Asch-type study. This occurred even if the dissenter wore thick glasses and said he had difficulty with his vision. supports the view that resistance s not just motivated by. following what someone else says but it enables someone to be free of the pressure from the group.
  - - - people with an internal LOC are more likely to be able to resist pressures to conform- if a person takes personal responsibility for their actions then they are more likely to base their decision on their own beliefs and thus resist pressures from others
      - people with high internal LOC ted to be more self confident, more achievement oriented, have higher intelligence and have less need for social approval. these personality traits lead ro greater resistance to social influence.
    - - he found that 37% of internals did not continue to the highest shock level whereas only 23% of externals did not continue. internals showed greater resistance to authority. increases the validity of the LOC explanation.