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MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS Major-microvascular-and-macrovascular…
MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS 
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pathophysiology
sorbitol and fructose are enzymes that normally convert glucose into other sugars to lower blood glucose
sorbitol , fructose and glucose accumulate in the basement membrane of the cell
sustained increases in glucose levels affect the substrates that are used for the formation of cell membranes
resulting inadequate oxygenation , nutrition and waste disposal
causing intracellular oedema , which affects cell function
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diet therapy
take moderate portion of poultry , eggs , cheese and yoghurt
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nursing care plan
volume excess liquid.
decreased cardiac output increased vascular resistance.
unstable blood glucose level.
acute chest pain related to myocardial to ischemia secondary to obstruction.
asses skin condition and perfusion protect edematous skin from lesions and offer support for swollen areas when needed .
.encourage patient to change position every two hours.
.advice the client to take adequate bed rest especially when the blood glucose level is more than 250g/dl
monitor the vital signs , ECG ,oxygen saturation and pain score regulary
.to reduce the fluid volume.
.to determine possible problem.
.to identify the imbalance in glucose level
to identify baseline data and cause of pain
.reduced fluid volume
.improved venous returns
.the blood glucose of the client decreased as evidenced
..client pain was relieved as evidenced as decreased in score pain and verbalizing comfort
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Beckman JA , Creager MA ,Libby epidemiology , pathophysiology and management 2002
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