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Motivation and Motivation Theory, Understanding People in Public…
Motivation and Motivation Theory
How to measure and assess motivation?
Job motivation scale (Patchen, Pelz, and Allen, 1965)
Work Motivation Scale (Wright, 2004)
Intrinsic Motivation Scale (Lawler and Hall, 1970)
Reward Expectancies (Rainey, 1983)
Peer Evaluations of an Individual’s Work Motivation (Guion and Landy, 1972; Landy and Guion, 1970)
Theory of Motivation
Content Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy (1954)
McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y (1960)
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (1968)
McClelland: Need for Achievement, Power, and Affiliation (1961)
Adams: The Need for Equity (1965)
Process Theories of Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Operant Conditioning Theory and Behavior Modification (Skinner, 1953)
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura, 1978, 1989, 1997)
Goal-Setting Theory
Recent direction in motivation theory
No theory has provided a conclusive general explanation
Fragmented, but theories remain a body of interesting and valuable
Effort to apprehend a set of phenomena too complex for any single theory to capture
Methods commonly used to motivate employees
Improved performance appraisal systems
Merit pay and pay-for-performance systems
Broadbanding or paybanding pay systems
Bonus and award systems
Profit-sharing and gain-sharing plans
Participative management and decision making
Work enhancement: job redesign, job enlargement, and rotation
Quality of Work Life (QWL) programs and Quality Circles (QCs)
Incentive structures and reward expectancies in public organizations
Tying rewards to performance (especially extrinsic rewards) is a challenge in many public organizations
Do public employees perceive weaker relationships between performance and rewards?
A number of surveys says yes
But this may reflect shared stereotypes. There are some conflicting findings
However, they report attitudes and behaviors consistent with high motivation
Studies have found no large differences on self-reported motivation between public and private managers and employees
Understanding People in Public Organizations
Values, Needs, and Incentives
Typologies of needs, motives, and values
Murray’s typology of human needs (1938)
Maslow’s needs hierarchy (1954)
Alderfer’s typology of existence, relatedness, and growth needs (1972)
Rokeach's (1973) two corresponding lists of values
Typologies of incentives
Barnard (1938)
Simon (1948)
Clark and Wilson (1961) and Wilson (1973)
What is the most important incentive in organization?
No single conclusion
Lawler (1971): people rate pay much higher. Pay is as a proxy for other incentives
The Motive for Public Services Public Service Motivation (PSM)
3 categories (Perry and Wise, 1990)
Norm-based motives
Affective motives
Rational motives
Perry's dimensions to measures PSM
Attraction to policymaking
commitment to the public interest
social justice
civic duty
compassion
self-sacrifice
Other work-related attitudes
Role conflict and ambiguity
Job involvement
Job satisfaction
Organizational commitment
Professionalism