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Chemistry - C2 - Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter - Coggle…
Chemistry - C2 - Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter
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Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic
Chemical bonds
three types of strong chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic
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Ionic bonding
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Outer shell electrons are transferred to complete a whole outer shell so that there is 8 outer shell electrons.
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Metal atoms lose electrons - they become positive ions ( as there are more protons than electrons) - OXIDATION
Non-metal atoms gain electrons - they become negative ions ( there are more electrons than protons - REDUCTION
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Covalent bonding
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Some covalently bonded substances have very large molecules,such as polymers.
Some covalently bonded substances have giant covalent structures, such as diamond and silicon dioxide.
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Ball and Stick diagram
Advantages
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:Useful for illustrating the arrangement of atoms in 3D space
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:Especially useful for visualizing the shape of a molecule
Disadvantages
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:Fails at indicating the movement of electrons
:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:The atoms are placed far apart from each other, which in reality is not the case as the gaps between atoms are much smaller
Nanoparticles
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Properties and uses:
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cosmetics, deodorants and sunscreens
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they can: catalyse reactions more efficiently, and catalyse different reactions that produce different products
Risks
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Once inside the body, they might catalyse reactions that are harmful
Toxic substances could bind to them because of their large surface area to volume ratios, harming health if the nanoparticles do get into the body.
Modern nanoparticulate materials have only become common recently, so it is difficult for scientists to determine their risks
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