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Progressivism, Many of TR's Progressive plans were blocked by his…
Progressivism
Presidential Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
How Progressive?
William Taft (1909-1913)
Progressive Action
Trust Busting (1909-1913)
Busted 90 trusts
Payne-Aldrich Act (1909)
Reduced tariffs (minimally as conservatives amended the tariff act)
Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
Enlarged the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to initiate railroad rates revisions and investigating telephone, telegraph and cable
8 Hour Day: Federal Government Contracts
Conservative Limitations
Lack of Sympathy for the Working Class
Did not care for the have nots
Doubted the Constitutionality of the Income Tax
Not very 'solid' in progressive beliefs
Lack of Action to Prevent the Conservative Amendments on the Payne-Aldrich Act (1909)
Not determined for the progressive cause
Sided with Anti-Conservationist Richard A Ballinger (Secretary of the Interior) against TR's conservationist supporter and close friend Chief Forester Pinchot
Dismissed Pinchot for "insubordination" later
TR's "Noise and Smoke"
Voicing out Progressive Concerns
Not much Progressive Action
Taft's Limited "Progressivism"
Taft's appeared to have a more moderate progressivism with conservative sympathies
New Nationalism
1912 Election
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
How Progressive?
WWI and Progressivism
Progressive End
1 more item...
Progressive Rise
1 more item...
Wilson took Plenty of Action
He even followed up with Roosevelt's reform plans. However, some states' rights ideology did limit his extent of progressive reform
Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913)
Abolished duties on hundred goods and reduced duties on thousand goods
Income Tax (1913)
Introduced the first permanent federal income tax with the 16th Amendment (1913)
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Established USA's central banking system
Federal Trade Commission (1913)
Replaced TR's Bureau of Corporations (1903) and given more power
Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914)
Closed legal loopholes and made restrictive business practices illegal (e.g. price discrimination)
Farm Loan Act (1916)
Low cost loans are provided to farmers
Child Labour Act (1916)
Barred goods made by child labour in interstate commerce
Workmen's Compensation Act (1916)
Ensure federal employees absent from work because of injury or illness receive financial assistance
Adamson Act (1916)
Ensure that railroad workers have a maximum 8-hour working day
Income & Inheritance Taxes Increased (1916)
To pay for progressive reform
Attacked Corporations and Pro-trustbusting
Tariff Reductions
Aid Farmers
States' Rights oppose Federal Intervention in Social and Welfare Matters
Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote between the Taft's Republicans and Roosevelt's Progressives and ensured Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the Presidency
Wilson (Democrat):
41.9% / 435 Electoral College Votes
Roosevelt (Progressive):
27.4% / 88 Electoral College Votes
Taft (Republican):
23.2% / 8 Electoral College Votes
Debs (Socialist):
6% / 0 Electoral College Votes
Democrats on the Rise
Republican Split
Attacked 'class government' and 'greedy, short-sighted materialism'
Regulate the trusts! Not Busting! "Conduct not size" was what mattered
Advocated For:
Income tax, Inheritance tax, Ending child labour, Government-backed pensions, Worker insurance, Women's minimum wage, Female suffrage, Farmers' aid, National party primaries, Referendum, Initiative and Recall
Coal Strike of 1902
Stood on the workers' side and mediated between the mine owners and strikers (demanded for pay increase, 8 hour day and trade union recognition) with an arbitration board and resulted in acceptance of a 10% wage increase, 9 hour day but without trade union recognition (1903)
Sued Northern Securities Company (1902)
Used the Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) and the company (involving J P Morgan) was dissolved by the Supreme Court (1904)
The Bureau of Corporations (1903)
To investigate and publicise regarding industrial corporations such as oil, steel and tobacco
Conservation (1901-1904)
Added 30 million acres to federal forest reserves using the Forest Reserve Act (1891) with support from Chief Forester Pinchot
Won Presidential Election (1905)
Promised a 'Square Deal' of
C
onsumer Protection,
C
orporate Regulation and
C
onservatism
Hepburn Act (1906)
Interstate Commerce Commission can inspect railroad rooks and limit maximum rate
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Department of Agriculture to meat inspection and labelling
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Food and Drug Administration to test and approve before marketing
Employer's liability law in D.C. (1908)
Legal basis for worker to seek compensation from injuries/illnesses at work which acted as a model for states to follow its measures
Conservation (1905-1909)
120 million acres added
National Conservation Conference (1908)
Attended by 44 governors and 500 other peoples which served as a influence among states to create conservation commissions
Address to Congress (1907-1908 Winter
)
Attempts to adopt the income tax, death duties (inheritance taxes), federal supervision of stock markets, 8 hour days and workmen's compensation law were rejected by Congress
Trust Busting (1901-1909)
Busted 44 trusts
Constitutional Reform
16th Amendment
Permanent Federal Income Tax
17th Amendment
Direct Election of Senators
18th Amendment
Prohibition of Alcohol
19th Amendment
Women's Suffrage
Progressive Reform at State & Local Levels
Progressivism in the States
Governors
Governors John Altgeld of Illinois
and
Hazen Pingree of Michigan
were progressive mayors that operated effectively during the
1890s
in the
North
Hiram Johnson of California (1911-1917)
ended the Southern Pacific Railroad's political corruption and dominance (
West
)
Jeff Davis of Arkansas
and
Hoke Smith of Georgia
were progressives who prevented conservative control in the
South
Charles Hughes of New York
and
Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey
earned reputation as progressive state governors (in the
East
) which enabled them both to run for the presidency in the
1916 Election
Robert La Follette of Wisconsin (1900-1906)
Railroad regulation, income tax, bank regulation, limited women and children working hours and primary elections reformed state legislature laws
"Wisconsin Idea"
Collaboration between state government and university experts to use scientific thinking on socio-economical problems by staffing state commissions
Social Justice
States often copied each other's successful reform methods
Most states banned underage child labour and also limited older children's working hours (
1914
)
Many states outlawed night work and dangerous occupations for women and children
Legislation was introduced to protect work injuries from occurring
20 States
adopted the
Initiative
and
Referendum
with
12 states
adopting the
Recall
(1918)
Compulsory School Attendance Laws
were adopted by all states except Mississippi (
1916
)
Municipal Reform
Elective Commission Plan
Commission set up with members who have scientific abilities
Began at Galveston (1901) after a flood and adopted by 400 cities (1921)
City Manager Plan
(Similar to the Elective Commission)
Popular plan of turning executive power to a trained expert
Reform Mayors
Tom Johnson of Cleveland
Made Cleveland "the best-governed city on America" - Lincoln Steffens
Samuel Jones of Toledo
Increased wage (municipal employees), established public parks and campaigned for municipal ownership of all public utilities
Success
No Radical Revolution or Change
Bolshevik Revolution (1917-1923)
Big Business -> Oligopoly
US Steel's market share:
62% (1901) - 40% (1920)
Standard Oil Production of US Petrol:
90% (1899) - 50% (1920)
Social & Welfare Reforms
States passed laws giving workers basic protection
Federal and State laws led to decline in child labour
More Responsive Federal Government (to People)
Kept the American Dream Alive
Reformed Big Business
Reformed Political Bosses & Party Machines
Failure
Minimal Reform or Change
Poor and Blacks Unaffected Mostly
e.g. Blacks were disenfranchised in most Southern areas
Little Social & Welfare Legislation
(Compared to Europe)
No Reorganisation of Society
Big Business still exists
Political Bosses still existed
Big Business Self-Reformed
e.g. many state railroad commissions found that railway charged fair rates
Prohibition Restricted Freedom
Many of TR's Progressive plans were blocked by his Republican-dominated Congress
Taft was TR's handpicked successor who had been Governor of the Philippines (1900-1904) & Secretary of War (1904-1908)
TR was the youngest American President and he became President as his former role as Vice President as William McKinley was assassinated (1901)
Senator Robert La Follette led the Insurgents/Progressives against a perceived Conservative Taft within the Republican Government
Wilson turned to measures similar to TR's 'New Nationalism' in 1916 perhaps because of the upcoming 1916 Presidential Election or because of a genuine change of mind...
...or maybe even a mix of both
Wilson's 1916 Election was ironic. He campaigned for 'Peace, Progress, Prosperity' on the slogan 'He kept us out of war' as American economic boomed. Yet, He was the one to lead USA into WWI in April 1917
Bolshevik Revolution (1917-1923) occurred in Russia
Both Mayors Samuel Jones and Tom Johnson turned to politics after earning a large fortune from business
Did You Know?
TR was the State Governor of New York (1899-1900)
State Governors had much influence