19th Amendment

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Women's Suffrage

Coal Strike of 1902
Stood on the workers' side and mediated between the mine owners and strikers (demanded for pay increase, 8 hour day and trade union recognition) with an arbitration board and resulted in acceptance of a 10% wage increase, 9 hour day but without trade union recognition (1903)

Sued Northern Securities Company (1902) Used the Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) and the company (involving J P Morgan) was dissolved by the Supreme Court (1904)

The Bureau of Corporations (1903)
To investigate and publicise regarding industrial corporations such as oil, steel and tobacco

Conservation (1901-1904)
Added 30 million acres to federal forest reserves using the Forest Reserve Act (1891) with support from Chief Forester Pinchot

TR's "Noise and Smoke"
Voicing out Progressive Concerns
Not much Progressive Action

Won Presidential Election (1905)
Promised a 'Square Deal' of Consumer Protection, Corporate Regulation and Conservatism

Hepburn Act (1906)
Interstate Commerce Commission can inspect railroad rooks and limit maximum rate

Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Department of Agriculture to meat inspection and labelling

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Food and Drug Administration to test and approve before marketing

Employer's liability law in D.C. (1908)
Legal basis for worker to seek compensation from injuries/illnesses at work which acted as a model for states to follow its measures

Conservation (1905-1909)
120 million acres added

National Conservation Conference (1908)
Attended by 44 governors and 500 other peoples which served as a influence among states to create conservation commissions

Address to Congress (1907-1908 Winter)
Attempts to adopt the income tax, death duties (inheritance taxes), federal supervision of stock markets, 8 hour days and workmen's compensation law were rejected by Congress

Trust Busting (1901-1909)
Busted 44 trusts

Progressive Action

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Trust Busting (1909-1913)
Busted 90 trusts

Payne-Aldrich Act (1909)
Reduced tariffs (minimally as conservatives amended the tariff act)

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
Enlarged the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to initiate railroad rates revisions and investigating telephone, telegraph and cable

8 Hour Day: Federal Government Contracts

Conservative Limitations

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Lack of Sympathy for the Working Class
Did not care for the have nots

Doubted the Constitutionality of the Income Tax
Not very 'solid' in progressive beliefs

Lack of Action to Prevent the Conservative Amendments on the Payne-Aldrich Act (1909)
Not determined for the progressive cause

Sided with Anti-Conservationist Richard A Ballinger (Secretary of the Interior) against TR's conservationist supporter and close friend Chief Forester Pinchot
Dismissed Pinchot for "insubordination" later

Taft's Limited "Progressivism"
Taft's appeared to have a more moderate progressivism with conservative sympathies

Attacked 'class government' and 'greedy, short-sighted materialism'

Regulate the trusts! Not Busting! "Conduct not size" was what mattered

Advocated For:
Income tax, Inheritance tax, Ending child labour, Government-backed pensions, Worker insurance, Women's minimum wage, Female suffrage, Farmers' aid, National party primaries, Referendum, Initiative and Recall

Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote between the Taft's Republicans and Roosevelt's Progressives and ensured Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the Presidency

Wilson (Democrat): 41.9% / 435 Electoral College Votes
Roosevelt (Progressive): 27.4% / 88 Electoral College Votes
Taft (Republican): 23.2% / 8 Electoral College Votes
Debs (Socialist): 6% / 0 Electoral College Votes

Democrats on the Rise

Attacked Corporations and Pro-trustbusting

States' Rights oppose Federal Intervention in Social and Welfare Matters

Farm Loan Act (1916)
Low cost loans are provided to farmers

Child Labour Act (1916)
Barred goods made by child labour in interstate commerce

Workmen's Compensation Act (1916)
Ensure federal employees absent from work because of injury or illness receive financial assistance

Adamson Act (1916)
Ensure that railroad workers have a maximum 8-hour working day

Income & Inheritance Taxes Increased (1916)
To pay for progressive reform

Progressive Foreign Policy
"The war to end war" & "The war to save democracy"

Progressives supported US entry in WWI
Pro-WWI

Federal Control Socio-economic Matters
Controlled running of railways and telephone lines

Increased Income, Inheritance & Corporate Taxes
Big business and wealthy paid more for the war (closing the wealth gap)

Influenced 18th & 19th Amendments (1919; 1920)
Prohibition & Women's Suiffrage

End of the Trustbusting Era
Government and big corporations worked together during the war

Cracking Down Radical Groups
Espionage Act (1917) got Eugene Debs of the Socialist Party imprisoned (1919)

'Red Scare' Continued Post-War
Arrests and deportations of immigrants with Bolshevik leanings

Wilson took Plenty of Action
He even followed up with Roosevelt's reform plans. However, some states' rights ideology did limit his extent of progressive reform

Elective Commission Plan
Commission set up with members who have scientific abilities
Began at Galveston (1901) after a flood and adopted by 400 cities (1921)

City Manager Plan
(Similar to the Elective Commission)
Popular plan of turning executive power to a trained expert

Tom Johnson of Cleveland
Made Cleveland "the best-governed city on America" - Lincoln Steffens

Samuel Jones of Toledo
Increased wage (municipal employees), established public parks and campaigned for municipal ownership of all public utilities

Governors John Altgeld of Illinois and Hazen Pingree of Michigan were progressive mayors that operated effectively during the 1890s in the North

Hiram Johnson of California (1911-1917) ended the Southern Pacific Railroad's political corruption and dominance (West)

Jeff Davis of Arkansas and Hoke Smith of Georgia were progressives who prevented conservative control in the South

Charles Hughes of New York and Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey earned reputation as progressive state governors (in the East) which enabled them both to run for the presidency in the 1916 Election

"Wisconsin Idea"
Collaboration between state government and university experts to use scientific thinking on socio-economical problems by staffing state commissions

Most states banned underage child labour and also limited older children's working hours (1914)

Many states outlawed night work and dangerous occupations for women and children

Legislation was introduced to protect work injuries from occurring

20 States adopted the Initiative and Referendum with 12 states adopting the Recall (1918)

Compulsory School Attendance Laws were adopted by all states except Mississippi (1916)

Poor and Blacks Unaffected Mostly
e.g. Blacks were disenfranchised in most Southern areas

Little Social & Welfare Legislation
(Compared to Europe)

No Reorganisation of Society

Big Business still exists

Political Bosses still existed

Big Business Self-Reformed
e.g. many state railroad commissions found that railway charged fair rates

Prohibition Restricted Freedom

No Radical Revolution or Change
Bolshevik Revolution (1917-1923)

Big Business -> Oligopoly
US Steel's market share:
62% (1901) - 40% (1920)
Standard Oil Production of US Petrol:
90% (1899) - 50% (1920)

Social & Welfare Reforms
States passed laws giving workers basic protection
Federal and State laws led to decline in child labour

More Responsive Federal Government (to People)

Reformed Political Bosses & Party Machines