Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
09 Respiratory System - Jaden Ross P.6 - Coggle Diagram
09 Respiratory System - Jaden Ross P.6
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
obtain oxygen from the environment and remove carbon dioxide from body cells
removes particles from incoming air, regulates temp, and water content of air, provide vocal sound, and regulates blood pH, and helps in sense of smell
Upper Respiratory Structure and Function
Nose
Structure: part of face above the mouth and below the eyes
Function: nostrils provide opening for entrance and exit of air; internal hairs and mucus filter incoming air
Nasal Cavity
Structure: divided by midline nasal septum and lined with mucosa; roof of nasal cavity contains olfactory epithelium
Function: resonance chamber for speech; receptors for sense of smell; warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
Paranasal Sinusus:
Function: lighten skull; warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
structure: mucosa-lines, air -filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding nasal cavity
Pharynx
Structure: funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6 ; Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus; Composed of skeletal muscle
Function: Passageway for air and food; facilitate exposure to immune system to inhaled antigens
Lower Respiratory System:
Larynx
Structure:extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid bone ; Opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
Function: 1. Provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production – Houses vocal folds
Bronchi
Structure: branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli
Function: contracts air from trachea to alveoli; mucuos lining continues to filter particle from incoming air
Trachea
Structure: (windpipe) extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi ; flexivble tube that cnnects larynx w/ bronchial tree
Function: passageway for air; mucus lining continues to filter particles from incoming air
Lungs
Structure: soft, cone shaped organs that occupy most of thoracic cavity
Function: contain air passageways that allow the consumption of air and expulsion of carbon dioxide
Mechanism of Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration
Air moves from high to low pressure
Air into lungs
Action of the diaphragm
: when dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out (increase thoracic volume)
Action of intercostal muscles
: when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out (increased thoracic volume)
Causes intrapulmonary pressure to drop
Expiration:
Air our of lungs
Forced expiration
is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal muscles
Quiet expiration
normally is passive process
Volume decrease causes intrapulmonary pressure to increase
Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, and lungs recoil and diaphragm rises
Layers of Pleurae:
Pleurae
: thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Parietal pleura
: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
Visceral pleura
: membrane on external lung surface
Pleural fluid
fills slit-like pleural cavity between two pleurae ; Provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Volumes:
Tidal volume (TV)
: amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
– Averages ~500ml
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond
the tidal volume (2100–3200 ml)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
: amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from
lungs (1000–1200 ml)
Residual volume (RV):
amount of air that always remains in lungs
– Needed to keep alveoli open
capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
: sum of TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
: sum of RV + ERV
Vital capacity (VC)
: sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
: sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV+ ERV + RV)
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal
Internal respiration
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
External
External respiration
(pulmonary gas exchange) involves the exchange of O2 and CO2
across respiratory membranes
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
– Steep partial pressure gradient for O2 exists between blood and lungs
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
– 760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
Pressure in alveoli
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with Patm
Transpulmonary pressure
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open
– Keeps lungs from collapsing
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
Pressure in pleural cavity
Always a negative pressure
Lungs’ natural tendency to recoil and Surface tension of alveolar fluid promote lung collapse
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD
description: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Symptoms: wheezing, tight chest, and lung damage
Risk factors/cause: asthmatic/ age/ tabacco smoke
Treatment: antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and lung reduction
Tuberculosis
Description: bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes/risk factors: contagious when inhaled, weakened immune system, drug/alcohol abuse
Symptoms: tachycardia, fever/fatigue, chest pain
treatment: surgery, medication, long term antibiotics
Pneumonia
Description: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Causes/risk factors: bacterial infection, aspiration, exposure to infected
Symptoms: fever, tachycardia, chills
treatment: over the counter meds, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Lung Cancer
description: uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Causes/risk factors: smoking, second hand smoke, radon gas
Symptoms: chest pain, fatigue, blood in sputum
treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, surgical removal
Seasonal Flu
Symptoms: dry cough, fatigue, congestion
Description: a viral infection; changes rapidly year to year which changes symptom severity
causes/risk factors: droplets, age, occupation
Treatment: early vaccination, over the counter meds, rest and hydration
Pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia; Pleurae may produce excessive amounts of fluid, which may exert pressure on lungs,
hindering breathing
tonsillitis
Infected and swollen tonsils can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary
to breathe through the
As a result, air is not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching lungs
Surgery to remove it might be necessary (tonsillectomy)
Atelectasis
lung collapse due to: Plugged bronchioles, which cause collapse of alveoli, or Pneumothorax, air in pleural cavity