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DPT Small Stock, Bovines - Coggle Diagram
DPT Small Stock
Gastro-Intestinal Disease
Red Gut
2: Clostridium A (+abomasum), B (+abomasum), C
MDs
Congested Intestine
DDs
Torsion, volvulus
Clostridium perfringens: A, B, C
Salmonella
Coccidiosis in a young animal
CS
Signalment
👶🏽🐑: Young Lambs PRE WEANING- Lack of trypsin prevents toxin release but allows bacteria to grow
Unvaccinated dams
Dx
Bacterial Culture of closed loop
ELISA Toxin profile of red intestine / faecal sample
Histopath of red Gut - tie off loop, open slightly to allow formalin to enter
Will help rule out Salmonella, Coccidia
Johne's Disease👮🏾♀️
Granulomatous enteritis
CS
projectile diarrhoea
Salmonellosis
MD: Multifocal necro-ulcerative enteritis
DDs
Clostridia
Acute coccidiosis
Bovines: BVDV
Dx
Cytology impression smear
Epidemiology
Gram -: scepticaemia and endotoxaemia ➡ Death
Yellow pasty-haemorrhagic foul smelling Diarrhea
SX: young lambs >2wks, older ewes carriers infect environment
Coccidiosis
Sx
Irrigated pasture, faecal contamination
CS
High Dose = Diarrhoea, dehydration, hypovolaemic shock
Dx
Faecal float (presence alone not diagnostic- must see CS)
Intestinal scrape/ faecal smear- banana shaped merozoites
Histopath of different areas of intestine
Rumen Acidosis
Sx
Animals eating highly fermentable feed in feedlot / accidently -> lactobacilli -> decreased pH
CS
Peracute: decreased pH -> death of rumen microbes -> toxin release -> Toxic shock
Grey putrid smelling diarrhoea
Hypovolaemia (fluid drawn into rumen)
Metabolic acidosis -> Hyperkalaemia -> Heart Failure
Dx
Rumen pH: varies- as low as 5 in feedlot animals, consider background. Anything <5 = ACIDOSIS
Rumen fluid smear - will see dead protozoa (in recently dead animal)
MD
Rumenitis
Acute Heart Failure: Pulmonary oedema + congested lungs
Neurological Disease
Neurotoxic Clostridium
➖Negative PM
Clostridium tetani
Sx
Trauma to hoofs / tail docking -> anaerobic environment
CS
Hyperextension of limbs, bruxism
Clostridium botulinum
In utero neurological impairment = hydrancephaly, arthrogryposis
Ax
Bluetongue, RVF / vaccination in 1st trimester
Dx
Histopath of brain- decide between infectious and non infectious
PCR- false neg common but pos significant
DDs
Hydronencephalus: coenoris cerebralis due to Tania multiceps (adult)
Pituitary Abscess: Trueperella pyogenes
Dx: Bacterial Culture of ANAEROBIC bacteria (normally Dx on macro)
Ax: Tick bite on base of the ear. -> Pressure on midbrain
Cs: Amaurosis, tremors
DDS: Coenurus cerbralis T. muticeps), Focal encephalomalacia (PKD), Lead Tox, CCN
Sway Back / Cu Def
Dx
Lumbar spinal chord - will see demyelination on histopath
100-200g liver on ice for mineral analysis - high Mo / low Cu
Sx
Growing animals
CS
Ataxia, lameness in hindquarters
Skin Lesions
Secondary Photosensitivity
affects face
Sarcoptic Mange / Psoroptes Ovis
Dx
Direct light microscopy
Dermatophilus congolensis / Lumpy Wool 👮🏾♀️
Dx
Cytology of crusts : railway tracks
Bacterial culture of crusts
MD
Necropurulent epidematitis
epidemiology: Long periods of rainy/wet conditions, all ages affected
DDs
Scabies, mange
Orf/ Contaigious Pustular Dermatitis
Dx
Histopath
EM, PCR of scabs
DDs
Bluetongue (more ulcerative)
Dermatophilus congolensis
PPR
MD: Proliferative dermatitis
Epidemiology
aniamals don't eat, production losses, cachexia
self-limiting
Sx: la,bs > 3m, udders of ewes
Endothelial Injury
Toxaemia
💉1. PKD / Clostridium Type D
Dx
Bacterial Culture Useless
Monoculture large bacterial rods duodenal smear
Sx
Post weaning, > 4m (Trypsin activates toxin, Trypsin inactivated by milk)
MD
Nephrosis interstitial haemorrhages
Pulmonary oedema, Interstitial Pneumonia, serofibrinous pericarditis
White Pulp Hyperplasia of spleen
Midbrain encephalomalacia
CS
Glucosuria
Bluetongue
DDs
Pes de petis ruminantes
FMD
MDs
Widespread mucosal petechiae: nasal planum, ruminal mucosa, pulmonary artery,
Pulmonary congestion and oedema
Coronitis
Dx
Immunoperoxidase of histopsth samples:oral lesions, coronary band, lungs, pulmonary artery
Straw-coloured fluid
Heartwater
MDs
Pericardial haemorrhages
High protein hydrothorax, hydropericardium, pulmonary oedema. May see fibrin clots
Dx
Suggestive: Brain smear
IHC of brain
Congestive L Heart Failure (thoracic) / R heart failure (abdominal)
Muscle / SC Lesions
Histotoxic Clostridium
Clostridium septicum / sordelli / chauveie (Blackquarter)
Dx
Microcopy of impression smear - large clostridial organisms
Anaerobic bacterial culture
FAT of unstained, unfixed intestinal mucosa (send 6, novei, chauvei, septicum + sorelli, 5th=gram stain, 6th = back up) Keep dry, don't send with frozen samples / formalin fixed
MD
Haemorrhage, necrosis and oedema of underlying muscles
Dx
PM changes- reddish wwatery fluid due to autolyzing bv. Septicum and sordelli PM invaders, chauveie and noveie normally pathogenic only
Signalment
Muscle injury
Post Partem - traumatised uterus -> proliferation of C. speticum -> haemorrhagic metritis
💉💪🏽💀Clostridium novei / Malignant oedema
Sx
Animals with bruising / Injections - noviei normally in circulation, germinates in anaerobic environments
Poor hygeine - animals have high levels pathogenic C. noveie in circulation
Dx
FAT of unstained, unfixed intestinal mucosa (send 6, 5th=gram stain, 6th = back up) Keep dry, don't send with frozen samples / formalin fixed
MD
Muscular oedema
DDs
Oedema
Haemoconsis, CHF
Vit E / Selenium Def / White Muscle Disease
Sx
Lambs / Calves
Leached soils / acidic, highveld. Low Se in SA
MDs
Muscle necrosis, dystrophic mineralization (clear striations): Myocardium (Se antioxidant - scavengers free radicles. Muscles highly metabolic)
Dx
Collect 100-200g Liver, send on ice/ freeze. NOT FORMALIN (storage of Se, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn)
Histopath of affected muscles
DDs
Excertional myopathy (will see myoglobinuria as well)
Myocardial Toxins. Histopath will rule this out
💀18. Haemonchosis / Wire worm
MDs
Swollen Head / pharyngeal injury
Widespread oedema- CLEAR
Red/brown abomasal content WITHOUT affecting mucosa. Should be same colour as rumen content
Anaemia
DDs
Swollen Head: C. noviei, Geeldikkop (Tribulus terrestrus) , Bee strings, Facial excema (sprodesmin), Secondary photosensitivity, snake bites
Dx
Presence of eggs in faecal float IN THE PRESENCE OF ANEAMIA/ May be false negative in severe early infection before eggs are laid
Systemic
Septicaemia
Salmonellosis
Dx
Cytology Smear, confirm with anaerobic bacterial culture
Sx
Young lambs > 2w + older ewes
CS
haemorrhagic -> yellow putrid smelling diarrhoea
Abortion
MD
necrotic enteritis
hepatic petechiae
Widespread serosal petechiation
Abscesses
💉21. Caseous lymphadenitis
LN enlargement, abscessation
Dx: Bacterial Culture of ANAEROBIC bacteria (normally Dx on macro)
💀Facial Abscesses + Wooden Tongue - Actinobacillis lignieresii
Dx: Anaerobic Bacterial Culture
Cachexia
MDs
Serous atrophy of fat in renal pelvis, bone marrow, coronary groove
Oedema of subcutis / anasarca due to hypoproteinaemia
CS
Muscle atrophy if exposed to low temps. Otherwise may see normal muscles
Ax
Primary: Nutritional (indication of feed quality by looking at papillae - should be paddle like, not
atrophied
- indicates poor roughage)
Secondary: Debilitating disease(papillae will be normal) - Parasites (Haemonchosis, ticks), TB, Johnes
Liver Lesions
Hepatic necrosis
Campylobacter jejuni
Fusobacterium necroforum
Dx
Bacterial culture but unrelliable as difficult to culture
Histopath
Impression smear -> visualization of bacteria
MDs
Hepatic Necrosis: SUNKEN ATRPHIC areas, NOT RAISED
RVF 👩🏾🤝🧑🏾
DDs
salmonella
Epidemiology
Vector borne
increased severity towards end of summer
abortions storms
Dx
Liver sample for IHC 1cm
PCR will give false + esp if animals vaccinated
MD: Hepatic necrosis. (small pinpoint white lesions/foci, smaller than coalescing necrosis seen in F. necrophorum)
PM findings/macro
small pinpoint white foci on liver (necrosis) DD: salmonella
Odematous, haemorrhagic gall bladder (not seen in Salmonella, helps to differentiate liver lesions)
Raised nodules
Trueperella pyogenes
MDs
Ax
Rumen acidosis -> ruminitis -> entry into portal system
Caudal Vena Cava Syndrome: Abscess presses into CVD. May rupture into wall -> septic emboli -> abscessation of lungs / infarction -> rupture of pulmonary arteries -> epistaxis + sudden death
Pulmonary Lesions
Jaagsiekte
MDs
Cranioventral consolodation / nodular consolidation
Sx
Older sheep > 3yoear
long IP, develop when young only see Cx when older
Dx
Histopath of lungs
Differentiates from Maedi (lung) Visna (encephalitis)
Pasterurellosis
Ax
P. multocida, M. haemolytica
MDs
Cranio-ventral bronchopnumonia
Sero-fibrinous pleuropneumonia
Blue udder: congested udder. Necro-purulent mastitis
Blue udder can also be caused by E coli and S. aureus
Dx
Aerobic bacterial culture
Impression smears - bipolar rods.
Histopath- suspected Dx
Reproductive Disease
Testicular Lesions
Brucella ovis / melitensis 👫
MD: Epididymitis, orchitis, atrophy
More of a cause of infertility in SS vs culture in Bovines
Dx
Smear of exudate from epididymis / placentomes with STAMP STAIN- will stain virus (but presents similarly to Coxialla, Chlamydia)
PCR
Histopath with IHC but can't do genetic testing
Placental Lesions
Chlamydia, Coxiella, Brucella 👫
Necrotic placentitis
Kidney Lesions
19: Chronic Cu Toxicity / Enzootic Icterus
DDs
Red/ Brown Urine: Not many causes in SS (In other species- Babesia, exertional myopathy)
MDs
Icterus (Cu accumulated in liver -> acts as a free radicle -> necrosis of liver (hepatic) -> spills into blood -> haemolysis (pre-hepatic) -> Hg spills into kidneys
Sx
Northern Cape / Karoo- low Mo levels -> less binding of Cu
Cu SO4 added to food / water - anti-alage/ anti-mollusks. Antioxidant function, supplemented, licks, drugs
Dx
100-200g of fresh / frozen liver for Mo levels, should be low
Bovines
Babesia
MD: Cerebral congestion
Theileriosis
Anthrax
Brucella
Ananplasma
