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Biomedical Engineering - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Be honest and trustworthy, respect the dignity of all person
    - - maintain and develop knowledge and skills. Act on the basis of adequate knowledge. Represent areas of competence objectively
    - - Engage responsibility with community and other stake holders. Practise engineering to foster the health, safety and well-being of the community and the environment
    - - uphold the reputation and trust worthiness of the practise of engineering. Support and encourage diversity. Communicate honestly and effectively, taking into account the reliance of others on engineering expertise
  - - - Intrinsically ethical if a person acts to protect or further their own interests
      - Putting safety/health/happiness of the decision maker ahead of other's safety/health/happiness
      - Focus on self and own interests
      - Compromises relationships with colleagues since the needs of the team/company are not taken into account when making decisions
    - - Rightness or wrongness of an action is adjudicated according to a set of subjective rules
      - Consequences are not considered: greatest importance is on the quality, fairness and consistency of the decision process
      - Morally good acts should be distinct or detached from self serving motives
    - - Moral or immoral based on consequences
      - Maximising human happiness, minimising human suffering
      - Overall happiness of a community without accounting for its unequal distribution
      - Often difficulty to accurately estimate and quantify happiness and suffering
    - - Ethical decision is one that upholds the rights of all parties to the decision
      - Consequences not considered, focus is on the process used for decision making
    - - Ethical if motivated by the virtues of perseverance, courage, compassion and self regard
      - Outcomes less important than the morality and character demonstrated by the decision maker
- - - - Osteoclasts: are large cells that secrete enzymes to break down bone matrix
      - Osteoblasts: synthesize bone matrix
      - Osteocytes: maintain bone tissue structure
    - - Cannot be both mobile and strong. Greater mobility = weaker joints
        
        Major component: Joint capsule, Joint cavity with synovial fluid, articular cartilage
        
        Arthritis: Inflammation of joints
        
        Intervertebral joints: found between C2 and L5
      - Types of joint: Synarthroses(fibrous joints - no movement)
      - Amphiarthroses: cartilaginous joints - slight movement
      - Diarthroses: synovial joints - free movement
  - - - Biocompatibility. Biocompatable materials do not produce a toxic or immunological response when exposed to the body or bodily fluids
      - Mechanical properties: tensile tests for cartilage or compression testing of ceramic bone scaffolds
      - Degration
      - Easy to fabricate
    - - Metallic Biomaterials
      - Advantages: High strength, wear resistance, easy to sterilize
      - Disadvantages: corrosion, metal ion tocixcity.
      - Bioceramic Materials
      - Advantages: corrosion resistance, bioactive/inert, easy to sterlize
      - Disadvantages: mechanical properties compromised, not easy to fabricate
      - Polymer based Materials
      - Advantages: Tailorable physical and mechanical properties, surface modification, biodegradable and easy to fabricate.
      - Disadvantages: leachable toxic compounds, wear and breakdown, difficult to sterlize
- - - - Uses ionising radiation such as (x-ray). Has rotating x ray tube and fixed detector
  - - - Uses gamma ray, has fixed detector and measure the emission from the subject. (uses tracer principle). Positron is released, annihilate with electrons producing 2 gamma rays with 180 degree angle)
    - - Uses gamma rays, has rotating detector, also uses the tracer principle. physical collimation is needed (to map points to point on the detector) as gamma rays emitted in all direction
  - - - Invasive (require surgery processes). Great risk and cost
      - Non-invasive (do not require surgery)
      - Sedation/Paralysis
- - - - Sleep as a health risk factor: Premature mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression or chronic physical conditions
- - - - Solid modelling: Converting image stacks into virtual replica
        
        Combine with CAD model
        
        Numerical analysis: Generate appropriate mesh
        
        Characterise interaction between anatomy and prosthesis
        
        Finite element modelling
        
        Segmentation: Dividing an image into regions with similar properties, aim to study anatomical structure
      - CT Scan
      - MRI
      - Ultrasound
      - X - Ray
  - - - Chronic pain: Spinal cord Stimulation
      - Movement disorder: Deep Brain stimulation
      - Epilepsy: Vagus Nerve Stimulation
      - Psychiatric disorders: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
      - Functional restoration: Sensory prostheses
      - Cardiovascular disorders: Spinal cord stimulation
      - Gastroinestinal disorders: Gastric/Intestinal stimulation
      - Immune system disorders: Vagus Nerve Stimulation
    - - Diagnosis
        
        First line Therapist
        
        Cognitive and Behavioural Modification
        
        Rehabilitative Therapy
        
        Biofeedback
        
        Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
        
        Second line therapist
        
        Systemic Opioids
        
        Nerve Blocks
        
        Third line therapist
        
        Neurostimulation
        
        Implantable Drug Pumps
        
        Neuroablation
  - - - Basilar Membrane and Hair cells
      - Electrodes inserted in Scala Tympani
      - Target neurons: Spiral ganglion cells
    - - Research and development
        
        Implants development
        
        System development
        
        Advanced innovation
        
        Sound Processors and Embedded software
      - Improve life of people with hearing lost