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Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Respirartory System - Coggle Diagram
Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Respirartory System
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
supplies body with oxygen for cellular respiration
dispose of carbon dioxide (the waste product of cellular respiration)
Upper Respiratory System Organs
Nasal Cavity (Internal)
Structures
Nasal Vestibule - nasal cavity superior to nostrils
lined with hair to filter coarse particles from inspired air & ciliated cells sweep contaminated mucus posteriorly toward throat
Nasal Conchae - scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections protruding from lateral walls of nasal cavity
shape increases mucosal area & enhances air turbulence
filters, heats, & moistens air
Functions
as a resonating chamber for speech
helps with sense of smell (houses olfactory receptors)
moistens/warms entering air
filters/cleans inspired air
Paranasal Sinuses
Structure
forms ring around nasal cavities
Functions
secrete mucus
help warm/moisten air
lighten skull
Nose (External)
Areas (Structures)
dorsum nasi - anterior margin
apex - tip of nose
bridge - between root and dorsum nasi
nostrils/nares - opening to nasal cavity
root - area between eyebrows
alae - tissue surrounding nostrils
Function - provides airway for respiration
Pharynx
Structures - funnel shaped muscular tube
3 regions
Oropharynx - middle region of pharynx
passage way for food and air
Laryngopharynx - inferior region larynx (extends to larynx and is continuous to esophagus)
passageway for food and air
Nasopharynx - superior region of pharynx
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Function - connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Tonsilitis
infected swollen tonsils that can clock air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth
causes air to not be properly moistened/warmed/filtered before reaching lungs
when chronically enlarged: speech/sleep may be disturbed
Tonsillectomy - (surgical removal of tonsils) may be necessary
Laryngitis
inflammation of vocal folds - causing swollen vocal folds, interfering with vibrations
interference results in changes to tone - causing hoarseness and in severe cases it is reduced to a whisper
Smoking
inhibits & destroys cilia
w/ out cilia, coughing is the only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in lungs
when person stops smoking, ciliary function will recover with in a few weeks
Tracheal Obstruction
suffocation from choking
Heimlich maneuver used to pop out the obstructor
Pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae
pleurae become rough resulting in friction and stabbing pain with each breath
Pleural Effusion
fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
Atelectasis
lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles (causing collapse of alveoli) or pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
when the intrapleural pressure becomes equal to intrapulmonary pressure due to rupturing the parietal/visceral pleura
results in atelectasis
Lower Respiratory System Organs
Bronchi & Branches
Segmental/Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Lobar/Secondary bronchi
Right - has 3
Left - has 2
Terminal bronchioles (Smallest)
Primary bronchi - from trachea into hilum (Largest)
Right - wider, shorter, more vertical
Left
Lungs & Alveoli
Lungs
Left
separated into 2 lobes which are separated by the oblique fissue, smaller than right
Superior Lobe
Inferior Lobe
Right
separated into 3 lobes: inferior, middle, and superior
Inferior/Middle - oblique fissure
Middle/Superior - horizontal fissure
Structures
Apex - superior tip
Base - inferior surface resting on diaphragm
Hilum/Root - site of entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Alveoli
site of actual gas exchange
Trachea (Windpipe)
Structures
3 layered wall
submucosa - middle
adventitia - outermost
mucosa - most inner
Carina
cartilage on inferior region of trachea separating primary bronchi
Function - carries air in and out of the lungs
Diaphragm
moves inferiorly and flattens when air moves in
Larynx (Voice Box)
Structures
9 hyaline cartilages
paired arytenoid cartilages
paired cuneiform cartilages
cricoid cartilage - ring surrounding trachea
paired corniculate cartilages
thyroid cartilage - part forms laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
epiglottis - made up of elastic cartilage, covered in taste buds & mucosa
covers laryngeal inlet when swallowing (so we don't breathe in our food)
contains vocal folds
contains vocal ligaments that form core of vocal folds (vocal cords)
glottis - opening between vocal folds, folds produce sound when air passes
contains vestibular folds (false vocal folds) - takes no part in voice production, just helps close glottis during swallowing
connected to hyoid bone
Functions
routes air and food into proper channels
voice production (houses vocal folds)
provides airway
Layers of the Pleurae (double-layered serousal membrane)
Visceral Pleura - membrane on external lung surface
Pleural Fluid - fills pleural cavity between the 2 pleurae
Parietal pleura - membrane on thoracic wall
Compare & Contrast the Mechanism of Inspiration & Expiration
Inspiration - gases flowing into lungs (active process)
involves respiratory muscles
diaphragm
when contracting moves inferiorly & flattens allowing air to move in
increase in thoracic volume, decrease in intrapulmonary pressure
intercostals
when contracting rib cage lifts up and out allowing air to move in
increase in thoracic volume, decrease in intrapulmonary pressure
Expiration - gases exiting lungs (passive process)
inspiratory muscles relax
lungs recoil
thoracic volume decreases and intrapulmonary pressure increases
Volume & Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
Respiratory Pressure Relationships
Intrapulmonary/Intra-alveolar
pressure in alveoli
fluctuates with breathing
Transpulmonary
pressure keeping lung space open
Atmospheric
pressure of air surrounding body
Intrapleural
pressure in pleural cavity
Volume Relationships
Inspiration
increase in thoracic volume causes intrapulmonary pressure to decrease
Expiration
decrease in thoracic volume causes an increase in intrapulmonary pressure
Respiratory Volume & Capacities
Volumes - amount of air
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
Tidal Volume
amount of air moved in & out of lung with each breath
Residual Volume
amount of air that is need to remain in lungs in order to keep alveoli open
Capacities - combinations of 2+ respiratory volumes
Functional Residual Capacity
Residual Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume
Vital Capacity
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Capacity
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume
Internal vs. External Respiration
Internal Respiration
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across respiratory membranes
External Respiration
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
capillary gas exchange in body tissues