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Unit 9: Respiratory System Lauren Palla, Period 6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)- movement of air into/out of lungs
        
        Inspiration- air moves into lungs
        
        Expiration- air moves out of lungs
      - External Respiration- exchange of O2 and CO2 btwn. lungs and blood
        
        O2: lungs to blood
        
        CO2: blood to lungs
    - - Transport- transportation of CO2 and O2 in blood (through cardiovascular system)
      - Internal Respiration- exchange of O2 and CO2 btwn. systemic blood vessels and tissues
        
        O2: blood to tissue
        
        CO2: tissue to blood
- - - - Equilibrium is reached across respiratory membrane in ~0.25 sec
      - Drives O2 flow to blood
      - RBCs travel from start to end of pulmonary capillary in ~0.75 sec
      - Ensures adequate oxygenation
- - - - Secrete mucus
      - Help to warm and moisten air
      - Lighten skull
  - - - Nasopharynx
      - Oropharynx
      - Laryngopharynx
  - - - Provides an airway for respiration
      - Moistens/ warms entering air
      - Filters/ cleans inspired air
      - Serves as resonating chamber for speech
      - Houses olfactory receptors
    - - Ext. Nose- Areas include root (area btwn. eyebrows), bridge, dorsum nasi (ant. margin), apex (nose tip)
        
        Nostrils (nares)- bounded laterally by alae
      - Int. Cavity- found within and posterior to ext. nose; divided by midline septum
        
        Nasal Septum- formed ant. by septal cartilage, post. by vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
        
        Nasal Vestibule- nasal cavity superior to nostrils
        
        Lines with vibrissae (hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air
        
        Lines with mucous membranes, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (ciliated cells sweep contaminated mucous into throat)
        
        Nasal Conchae- scroll- like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
        
        Shape increases mucosal area and enhances air turbulence
        
        Functions: filters, heats, moistens air
- - - - 1) Lungs' natural tendency to recoil- due to elasticity, lungs try to assume smallest size
      - 2) Surface tension of alveolar fluid- surface tension pulls on alveoli to try to reduce alveolar size
- - - - Males = 1000-1200 ml
      - Females = 700 ml
    - - Males = 2100-3200 ml
      - Females = 1900 ml
- - - - Inspiratory Muscles
        
        Diaphragm- when contracted, it moves inferior and flattens out (increase in thoracic volume)
        
        Ext. Intercostal Muscles- when contracted, rib cage is lifted up and out (how handle on bucket is raised)
      - As thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched as they're pulled out with thoracic cage
        
        P pul drops
        
        Due to diff. btwn. P pul and P atm, air flows into lungs until p pul = P atm
        
        P ip < P atm
      - Accessory muscles are also activated (ex. sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes)
    - - Quiet Expiration- inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic volume decreases, lungs recoil
        
        Volume decreases -> P pul increases
        
        P pul > P atm so air flows out of lungs until P pul = P atm
      - Forced Expiration- uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, internal intercostal muscles
- - - - Cleans, warms, and moistens air
    - - Mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
      - Submucosa- C.T. with seromucous glands that help produce the mucus "sheets" within trachea; prevents trachea from collapsing
      - Adventiittia- outermost layer (made of C.T.)
  - - - Left/Right Main Bronchi- both enter hilum of one lung; right branchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
      - Lobar Bronchi- each supplies one lobe
      - Segmental Bronchi- divides repeatedly into smaller branches known as bronchioles (>1mm in diameter)
      - Terminal Bronchioles- smallest; >0.5 mm in diameter
    - - Respiratory Bronchioles
      - Alveolar Ducts
      - Alveoli- sites of actual gas exchange in the alveolar sacs; makes up most of lung volume
      - Respiratory Membrane- blood air barrier; consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with fused basement membranes; Very thin and allows gas exchange across membrane to occur by simple diffusion
  - - - Voice production (houses vocal cords)
      - Provides patent airway
      - Routes air and food into proper channels
    - - Thyroid Cartilage- large- shiield-shaped cartilage (like upright open book)
        
        Paired Arytenoid Cartilages- anchor vocal wall
        
        Paired Cuneiform Cartilages
        
        Cricoid Cartilage- ring-shaped
        
        Paired Corniculate Cartilages
        
        Laryngeal Prominence- Adam's Apple
      - Epiglottis- consists of elastic cartilage; covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing; covered in taste bud-containing mucosa
        
        Vocal Ligaments- form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
        
        Glottis- opening btwn. vocal folds
        
        Vestibular folds- helps close glottis during swallowing; no part in sound production
        
        Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
  - - - Smaller due to position of heart
      - Cardiac Notch- concavity of heart
    - - Horizontal Fissure- separates the sup. and middle lobes
      - Oblique Fissure- separates the middle and inf. lobes
- - - - Treatment: surgery to remove it may be necessary (tonsillectomy)
      - Chronically enlarged; can disturb speech and sleep
      - Air isn't properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching lungs
  - - - Results in vocal tone changes, hoarseness, and speaking is limited to a whisper
      - Causes: viral infections, overuse of voice, dry air, bacterial infections, tumors @ vocal cords, inhalation of irritating chem.
    - - Heimlich Maneuver- procedure in which air @ victims lungs is used to expel obstructing piece of food
    - - Inflamed pleurae becomes rough and leads to friction/stabbing pain with each breath
      - Produces excessive fluid, which leads to pressure on lungs and a hindrance in breathing
  - - - Caused by asthmatic bronchitis, tobacco smoke, dust exposure, etc.
      - Symptoms include chronic cough, wheezing, tight chest, etc.
      - Can be treated by smoking cessation, medication, and lung reduction
    - - Caused by contagions inhaled, weakened immune system, and drug/alcohol abuse
      - Symptoms include cough with thick mucus, weight loss, fever, fatigue, etc.
      - Can be treated with long-term antibiotics, surgery, and medication
    - - Caused by inhalation of respiratory droplets, weakened immune system, living conditions, etc.
      - Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, congestion, etc.
      - Can be treated by early vaccination, antiviral medication, as well as rest and hydration
    - - Caused by bacterial infection, viral infection, aspiration, etc.
      - Symptoms include fever, shills, chest pain, etc.
      - Can be treated with over the counter medication, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy
    - - Caused by smoking (90% of cases), second-hand smoke, air pollution, etc.
      - Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, persistent cough, etc.
      - Can be treated by chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical removal