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Psychobiology of Appetite, Attentional Biases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Opioid systems in the brain are very important for food liking processes- a lot of evidence is based on rodents being injected with opioid into the brain and observing the response elicited
      - If Opioid agonists are injected into very specific areas of the brain then more positive hedonic liking responses are elicited when consuming sucrose. Opioid Hedonic Hotspots
    - - Have to have experience with eating food to have these wanting reactions.
      - Consumption of a unconditioned stimulus (a sweet) leads to a unconditioned response (liking). The experience of consumption leads us to make associations (the sweet food is associated with the sight, aroma, taste and texture - a conditioned stimulus), so overtime we acquire a learned response (Condition response) which is the wanting, an attraction and desire to eat it.
      - Dopamine systems are important for food wanting
        
        Berridge et al.2010 Manipulated the amount of dopamine available at the synapses of GM rodents (Dopamine transporter reduced). So they have more dopamine available than normal rodents. GM rodents ran faster as they had a higher wanting for the treat. This indicated the more dopamine there is, the more wanting.
- - - - POMC has receptors for Leptin; this binding leads to POMC neurons to release a substance called alpha MSH which binds to MC4R receptors (Melanocortin) in the PVN, which leads to an increase in satiety.
      - AgRP has receptors for Ghremlin; This binding leads to the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA, NPY, AgRP itself, which bind to receptors in the PVN, which increases feeding.
- - - - Episodic food memories contribute to flexible and adaptive responding to food cues because they provide a basis for predicting the value of a food in a particular context, thus allowing behaviour to be tailored to current needs.
  - - - Poor performance on cognitive tasks can predict obesity, just as obesity can predict poor performance on cognitive tasks