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VACCINATIONS, Sheep vs Goats, SKIN CONDITIONS, Perinatal Mortalities, Foot…
VACCINATIONS
3 Importance: Some Farmers
Rabies
Indication
KZN, predators around farm
Botulism (Inactivated)
Indication
Areas contaminated with rats and faeces
Black quarter
Feedlot
Enzootic Abortion / Chlamydia
Indication
Have the disease
ORF
Indication
If they have it
Blue Udder
Indication
If they have the disease
CLA
Admin
2w before shearing, castration -> skin trauma
Indication
Only INFECTED HERDS
1 Importance (All farmers)
Pulpy Kidney
(Toxoid)
Oil Adjuvant (more powerful)
FIRST vaccine not booster (effective, but abscesses)
injection site reaction
Alum precipitated (Initial / booster- safer, but less effective)
Anthrax
Administration Requirements
administer separately with separate needles, oil based drugs may coat pathogen and function as a cell wall
*Rift Valley Fever
Candidates
Less hardy breeds around areas with large open water sources
Epidemics
Types
Clone 19 (Live)
Clone 19 may be used for pregnant animals
Live (Smithburm)
Can't give live vaccine to pregnant animals
Don't need to re-vaccinate with Live Vaccine
Inactivated (formalinized)
2 Importance (Most Farmers)
Pneumonia (Pasteurella multoida, mannheimia haemolytica)
Indication
Dorpers, esp housed indoors
Administration
✔Fe Binding Protein (Multivax P+)
Leukotoxin
❌Antigen
Bluetounge
(Attenutated Live)
Indication
Sheep, European breeds
Administration
A
B
C
2 weeks apart
If you HAVE to give a pregnant animal- as late as possible, third trimester
Tetanus (Toxoid)
Indication
Procedures like tail docking, castration via elastrator(necrosis)- If given to pregnant ewe
Dorper, marino
Sheep housed close to horses
Administration
Toxoid Vaccine
Pregnancy
Sheep vs Goats
Nutrition
Goats don't recover as well from Pregnancy toxaemia in the last trimester
Same as cows- 60% roughage, 40% concentrate
Don't decrease feed in the dry period for sheep and goats - tend to have multiples (prevent ketosis)
Pellets better for both- prevents selective feeding.
Milling: have to wet, can't remove dust from nose, but milled grass much easier for them to chew and prehend
TMR: Might not be best- able to pick and choose
If feeding soya, DON'T feed with urea, urease in soya breaks down to ammonia -> ammonia toxicity. Heat to prevent this.
Metabolic
Goats metabolize drug faster- increase sheep dose to 1.5
Fat deposition- More abdominal fat in goats, different drug dose vs sheep
NO XYLAZINE in goats (salivation, pulmon oedema)
Reverse with Yohombine
Goats less susceptible to Cu Tox
Use approved ABx for milking goats
SMALL DOSE OF Lignocaine in Goats (drops BP)
Attach to drip, rather use ketamine + diazepam
MILK FEVER
Occurs during LAST TRIMESTER in sheep & goats vs lactation in cattle
Goats- can feed Ca throughout pregnancy without problems, feeding lucerne in sheep will cause problems though
Behavior
Ingestion
Goats more likely to eat crap
Fighting
Goats rear, rams ram
Bulling
Dehorn milk goats - injuries in milking parlour
Reproductive behavior
Bonding with young
Goats need less time to bond
Diseses
Goats: Domsiekte- abort, Orf (more widespread), Pasteurella (also Dorper), pituitary abscess, B. mellitinsis, cold heartwater(no fever, don't exclude HW bc of this), Brucella mellitensis (also sheep)
Sheep: Bluetongue (subclinical in goats) , PKD, Foot Abscesses, Brucella ovis, Anthrax, Botulism, Tetanus
CLA: Sheep= internal abscesses, Goats= External parasites
False positives with TB testing in goats -> send for slaughter
Don't vaccinate goats with Rev 1- may develop lesions
Phenotype
Infra-orbital sinus & gland
Tails
Udder
Horns
Goats: Pituitary abscess due to tick bite at the horn base
Parasites
Worms: Goats more susceptible: should eat at head level not from ground- not able to cope with haemonchus
Coccidia: Goats- faeco-oral transmission- goats more likely to poop into trough. Sheep may climb into trough if there isn't enough space
Ectoparasites- lice & fleas: Goats + Sheep- usually human versions
Milk
Goat milk- can be frozen without needing to homogenize (naturally homogenized) Seasonal but can get milk throughout the year by freezing
Raw Milk testing
Within SCC limit
Goat milk- better way to measure SCC: Fossomatic and Bentley machines
TB free. Goat milk- TB testing with dermal test inaccurate.
Brucella free
E coli free
Limited colony forming units
Milking
Hand milking- walk up ramp to eye level
Machine Milking- 2 teat cups
Goats: Pulsation faster, vaccuum lower, spends less time on udder -> less risk of mastits
Mastitis
Fewer causative agents of mastitis in goats
Blue udder in Goats
Ax
Pasterurella
Staph aureus
Staph aureus
Tx
Systemic ABx
Intra-mammary
Milk out udder
Half the cattle dose if used extralabelly
Can enter through damaged skin of udder, not only teat, NB to keep environment as clean as possible
Reproduction
Abortion: easier to abort a sheep- CL only thing maintaining pregnancy
Synchronization
Goats more refractory to PMSG & FSH
Vaccination
Rev 1 not for use in goats
Genotype
Milking
Abscesses
SKIN CONDITIONS
Ectoparasites
Mites
👮🏽♀️Sheep scab
Ax
Psorptes ovis
Tx
Quarantine, Biosecuirity
Dip- 2 minutes, dunk head twice
Can use injectable ML- cautious in thin animals
Dx
Skin scrape
Sarcoptes
PROCEDURE FOR AN ITCHY SHEEP
Notify state vet
Qurantine
Dip with reg product x 2 10d apart
Alert Neighbours?
Negative skin scapings- quarantine lifted
Lice
Bitnig
MLs not effective
sucking
Midges
Bluetongue
Mosquitoes
RVF
Flies
Myiasis
Fly worry
Ticks
Heartwater
Karoo paralysis tick (Ixodes rubicundis) , Spring lamp paralysis (R evertsi evertsi)
Lameness
Pitutary Abscess
Blowfly Strike
DermatoPHYTOSIS 👫
Dx
Cx
skin scraping
fungal culture
Hair plug
Tx
Topical Antifungal
2% Lime Sulphur
Systemic Drug- Grisofulvin
Disinfection
Iodine Prep
Sodium Sulphide, Selenium Sulphide
Appearance
Flat lesions of alopecia
sheep scab
wool loss
crusting
itching
Lumpy Skin Disease
Dx
Histopath
Tx
Prevention, vaccination
Appearance
Bleeding when lump is removed. Lumps may be internal
Witseerk eel/diphtheria
Appearance
Vesicles, erosions, ulcerations
BAD BREATH
Ax
fusibacterium necroforum
Photosensitivity
Tx
Remove from sunlight
Topical Tx of infected skin (milking balm)
Supportive Tx, esp liver
no more green feed
Dx
Clinical signs
Blood enzymes: AST
History
Papillomas / Warts- Papillomatosis
Tx
autogenous vaccine
May cause abscesses
Appearance
Young animals- on the head, neck, penis, mouth, udder
Bluetongue
Coronitis
DermatoPHYLOSIS (Lumpy wool / Rain Scald) 👫
Appearance
Healthy granulation tissue between crust
May occur with Ringworm
Tx
0.5% Zn Sulphate
Cutaneous Keratoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Orf 👫
Perinatal Mortalities
Abortions
Ax
Presentation
Golden slippers
Lungs not inflated
Covered in foetal membranes
Wool & teeth not fully developed
SME Complex (Starvation, Mismothering, Exposure)
Presentation
Depleted fat reserves
Grass in abomasum, instead of milk, starving
Inflated lungs
Ax
Nutrition
Mastitis
Mismothering
Premature / Weak lambs
Presentation
Non-erupted teeth
Multiple Lambs
Low Birthweight
Ax
Genetics
Diseases, e.g. Chlamydia
Nutritional
Diseases
Ax
Chlamydia
Presentation
Teratology
Presentation
Mandibular brachygnathism, prognathism or agnathism
Hydrocephalus
Khyphosis,Lordosis, scoliosos
Incomplete closure of the branchial arches
Siamese twins
Hypospadia
Ax
Live vaccine in 2nd trimester
Schmallenburg
RVF
Bluetongue
Shuni
Nutrition
Ax
Insufficient energy
Late Pregnancy
Poor ovary development
Lactation
Conception
Development of ewe's ova
Presentation
Stillborn (viable)
Ax
live vaccines given in 3rd trimester
Presentation
Golden slippers
non-inflated lungs
Covered with foetal membranes
wool covering fully developed
Born with 2 bottom teeth
Meconium staining
foetal distress
dystocia
primary intertia, disproportion
Dystocia
Lamb mortalities
Foot Conditions
Shelly Hoof (white line degeneration)
white line along part of the abaxial wall of the hoof
Partial detachement of the wall and formation of an underlying pocket > becomes impacted with soil or other debries
Footrot
Ax
Rain
Dmaage caused to skin by F. necrophorum allows for futher invasion of Dichelobacter (Bacteroides) nodusus
F. necrophorum
Dx
More than 1 animal, spreads, more than 1 claw
Foot Abscess
Ax
Tick Bite
Thorns, penetrating wounds
Rain
Tx
Most Effective
Cu Sulphate, Zn Zulphate- 2 mins in footbath, must reach fetlock. Stones to open hoof. Formalin footbath after to harden hooves
Granulomas
Ax
overtrimming during routine foot parting
strawberry-like growths of granulation tissue that are found most often at the toe
Laminitis
Ax
Acute disease
Acidosis from overeating concentrates
Presentation
Legs hot on palpation
increased digital pulse
Tucks legs together under abdomen
animal refuses to stand
Foot Scald
Ax
Inflammatory response to kin irritation
Interdigital dermatitis
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Damp, warm weather
Strawberry Footrot
Ax
Dermatophylosis congolensis
Toe abscess (White lie abscess)
Presentation
localisation of pain and heat to one claw.
sudden onset severe lameness
Hairy Warts
Internal Parasites
Optimum use of Drugs
Implement TST & TT
Read the label
Ensure correct dosage
Weigh sheep and divide into groups, base dose on heaviest in the group
Check gun
Quarantine + Biosecuitrity
Beware of bargain hunting and home remedies
ANTHELMINTICS
Macrocyclic Lactones
Wide safety margin- no side effects at 3x dose BUT be cautious with thin animals (need fat for distribution-lipophilic drug, if not sequested, goes into bloodstream fast and may cross BBB -> death)
No antidote
CAUTION IN LAMBS / THIN ANIMALS
Benzimidazoles
Good to use if there isn't a lot of resistance
Effective against round worms, flukes
Cause Teratology when given at D17
No antidote
Imidozothiazoles (Levamazole)
Roundworms (also immune stimulant)
Safe, toxicity at 4x dose
No antidote, Atropine may be used
Avoid in sick and weak animals
Organophosphates
Build up in the animal- don't combine with a tick dip of organophosphates / pyrethroid toxicity -> cause toxicity in combo
Antidote: Atropine & 2PAM
Spiroindoles
Startect (Not so effective in SA bc of abamectin resistance)
Roundworms
Tetrahydropyramidines (ZOLVIX- Monepantel)
Roundworms, esp Haemonchus contortos
No adverse reactions
CAUTION IN SICK / WEAK
Salicylanilides
not to be used in anemic animals
Use with caution in lambs
Monitoring
5 point check
Nose (discharge)
Eye (Anaemia)
Jaw (Swelling)
Back (Condition)
Tail (Soiling)
Regular, pooled FEC
TST results, faecal Hb
Weather watch
Rain
Humidity
Temperature
Check grazing conditions
FECRT (Pooled)
FAMACHA
Graph of flock risk evaluation using FAMACHA scoring
Pasture
Taller grass
Prevents worms swimming up blade (harder to graze though)
Avoid carpeted pasture that traps moisture (Kikuyu)
Poor man's Lucerne: decreases FEC
Sloped paddock- water runs off
North facing
Limit irrigation and fertilization
Animals
Promote Resistance & Resilience
Select rams based on FEC (low) and FAMACHA (low)
Manage other diseases
Select ewes based on TST and performance, BCS
Ensure good nutrition
Protein
Trace elements
Ensure enough exposure to worms
Worms
Reduce the Parasite Load
95% worms found on pasture
⬇ stay on pasture
⬇ grazing pressure
⬆ time of absence
Alternate with other species (Cattle)
Avoid hot spots
Grassed Pens
Leaky trough
Marshy areas
OPTIMIZING LAMB CROP
NUTRITON
Conception
Flush feed 2w before breeding season
Pregnancy
Lactation
High protein in the last trimester for colostrum production
Weaning
Creep feed with concentrate > ensures good weaning %
Ram
Enter breeding season in good BCS