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Control, Punishment and Victims - Coggle Diagram
Control, Punishment and Victims
Crime prevention and control
Environmental crime prevention
Absence of formal and informal social control
Environmental impact strategies and zero tolerance policing
Wilson and Kelling - Broken windows thesis
Evaluation
Social and community crime prevention
Policies to reduce poverty can reduce crime
Dealing with social conditions
Perry Pre-School Project
Situational crime prevention
Linked to rational choice theory
May displace crime
Target hardening
Explains petty street crime
Reduces opportunities for crime
Evaluation
Surveillance
Surveillant assemblages
Haggerty and Ericson - surveillance and digital data
Combining technologies to make surveillant assemblages
Actuarial justice and risk management
Focuses on groups not individuals
Lyon - people sorted accorded to risk
Feeley and Simon - actuarial analysis
Offender profiling using official stats
Police target certain groups
Synoptic surveillance
Media scrutiny of powerful groups
Evaluation
Mathiesen - the synopticon
Labelling and surveillance
Norris and Armstrong - CCTV
Target young black males based on racist stereotypes, creates self-fulfilling prophecy
Foucault: the Panopticon
The Panopticon
Other institutions
Disciplinary power
Evaluation
Sovereign power
Punishment
Durkheim
Restitutive justice
Evaluation
Retributive justice
Marxism
Punishment linked to economic base
Imprisonment - 'doing time' - time is money
Justifications for punishment
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Incapacitation
Retribution
Trends in punishment
The changing role of prisons
Seen as worst form of punishment although many reoffend
Politicians call for tougher sentences
Used to be used for holding people before punishment of flogging etc
Most prisoners young, male and poorly educated
Garland - UK and USA moving to mass incarceration
Transcarceration
Moving people between different institutions
Blurring between criminal justice system and welfare services
Alternatives to prison
Community based controls
Cohen - net of control
The victims of crime
Critical victimology
Tombs and White - 'Accident prone' workers
The state labels some as victims and not others
Structural factors - women, the poor
Patterns of victimisation
Class
Age
Repeat victimisation
Ethnicity
Gender
Positivist victimology
Victim proneness
Victim precipitation
Definitions
Those who have suffered harm
Socially constructed
The impact of victimisation
Indirect victims
Hate crimes - waves of harm
Secondary victimisation - rape victims
Fear of becoming a victim