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Stephanie Hernandez P. 7 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Stephanie Hernandez P. 7 Respiratory System
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood and body cells
External respiration: is the gas exchange between lungs and blood. It is also also known as breathing, which involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air into the atmosphere (exhalation).
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium.
Pneumonia: Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs.
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmanary disorder which includes asmthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
Lung cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in lungs.
Seasonal flu: viral infection with many variations of virus and can change rapidly year to year.
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nasal cavity: conchae support mucous membranes, and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize, and filter incoming air
Sinuses: Reduce the weight of the skull
Nose: nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
Pharynx: Aids in producing sounds for speech and is the Common passageway for air and food from nasal & oral cavities
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Trachea: the wall is supported by 20 incomplete (C-shaped) cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open
Bronchial tree: Consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways, leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli
Larynx: transports air in and out of the trachea while keeping particles from entering the trachea
Lungs: Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels,
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Layers of the pleurae
Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Capacities
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Vital capacity (VC) is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Total lung capacity (TLC) is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
Volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; the average is ~1,200 mL
Tidal volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Both: They both have diaphragms that either help to decrease or enlarge the lungs when air is coming in or going out. They also have external intercostals that either relax or contract to bring the diaphragm up or down.
Expiration: intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
Inspiration: Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into the lungs.
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
: Due to the adhesive force of the pleural fluid, the expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and expand as well. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.
Major functions of the respiratory system
Consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air, and transport it into the gas exchange areas, and microscopic air sacs that exchange gases.
Removes particles from incoming air, regulates temperature and water content of the air provides vocal sounds, regulates blood pH, and helps in sense of smell.
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells.