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Respiratory System - eternity vasquez p6 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System - eternity vasquez p6
Respiratory System
main function: supply the body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2; a waste product of cellular respiration
if either respiratory and circulatory system fail; body cells die from oxygen starvation
functions in olfactory and speech
respiration involves four processes
Respiratory System
pulmonary ventilation (breathing
): movement of air into and out of lungs
external respiration
: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Circulatory System
transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
internal respiration:
exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Nose is the only external respiratory system
function of nose:
provides airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
resonating chamber for speech
house olfactory receptors
divided into two regions:
External Nose
location
: root (between eyebrows), bridge, dorsum nasi (anterior margi), apex (tip of nose)
nostrils (nares):
bounded laterally by alae
Nasal cavity
location: within and posterior to external nose
divided by midline nasal septum
Nasal Vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils
Nasal Conchae
increase mucosal area
enhance air turbulence
function: filter, heat, and moisten air
Paranasal sinuses
form ring around nasal activities
sinuses: space inside the bone
location: frontal, spenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bones
functions:
lightens skull
secrete mucus
help to warm and moisten air
The Pharynx
funnel shaped muscular tube; runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
3 regions:
Nasopharynx
airway passage (only air). posterior to nasal cavity
soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
pharyngeal tonsils (adrenoids) located on posterior surface of tongue
Oropharynx
passage way for food and air, from level of soft palate to epiglottis
palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces
lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue
Laryngopharynx
passage way for food and air
posterior to upright epiglottis
extends to larynx, where continous with esophagus
Lower Respiratory System
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs (sometimes diaphragm)
Two zones:
Respiratory zone
: site of gas exchange
microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
Conducting Zone
: transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
includes all respiratory structures
cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
Larynx
the Voice Box, extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches ti hyoid bone
functions:
provides patent airway
routes air and food into proper channels
voice productions (houses voice box)
Thyroid Cartilage
: large, shield-shaped cartilage resembles an upright open book; spine of book is larygneal prominence (adam's apple)
Circoid Cartilage
: ring shaped
Paired arytenoid cartilages (anchor vocal cords)
Paired Cuneiform Cartilages
Paired cofniculate cartilages
Epiglottis
Epiglottis
consists of elastic cartilage ( NOT hyaline )
Vocal Folds:
vocal ligaments
: form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Glottis:
opening between vocal folds
Vestibular folds:
false vocal cords
Voice Production:
speech
: intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
Trachea
the windpipe
divides into two bronchi
wall composed of 3 layers
Mucosa
: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Submucosa
: CT wirh suremucous glands; help produce the mucus sheet within trachea
Adventitia
: outermost layer made of CT
Carina
last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
Bronchi and Subdivisions
Conducting Zone Structures:
trachea divides to form right and left main
each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
each main bronchus then branches into lobar
bronchus branches into segmental (terfiary) bronchi
branches become smaller and smaller
Respiratory Zone Structure
Respiratory Membrane
blood air barrier, consist of alveolar and capillary walls among with their fused basement membranes
alveolar walls consists of:
single layer of squamous epithelium
scattered cuboidal alveolar cell secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles; lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs (saccules)
Lungs
occupy all thoracic cavity except mediastinum
root
: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
Costal Surface
: anterior, lateral, posterior surface
Apex
: superior tip, deep to clavicle
Base
: inferior surface that rest on diaphragm
Hilum
: found on mediastinum surface, the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lympatic vessels and nerves
Left Lung:
separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
smaller than right due to proportion of heart
Cardiac Notch
: concavity for heart to fit into
Right side:
separated into superior and inferior and middle lobes
superior and middle lobes separated by
horizontal fissure
middle and inferior lobes are separated by
oblique fissure
Pleurae
pleurae:
thin, doubled layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity
parietal pleurae
: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
visceral pleura:
membrane on external lung surface
pleural fluid:
provides lubrication and surface tension that assist in explanation and recoil of lungs
Mechanics of Breathing
Inspiration
: gases flow into lungs
Expiration:
gases exit lungs
Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
atmosphere pressure (Patm)
: pressure asserted by air surrounding
Intrapulmoary pressure (Ppul)
: pressure in alveoli
Transpulmoary pressure (Ppul-Pip):
pressure that keeps lungs spaces open
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
: pressure in pleural activity
Pulmonary Ventilation
consists inspiration and expiration
volume changes lead to pressure changes
Boyle's Law:
relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
mathematically: P1V=P2V2
Inspiration
active process involves inspiratory muscles
action of diaphragm:
diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out
action of intercostal muscles:
external contract; rib cage is lifted up and out
forced deep inspirations:
can occur during vigorous exercise or in people with COPD
when thoracic volume increases, lungs are stretched as they are pulled out with the thoracic cage
Expiration
quiet expiration normally is passive process
forced expiration is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal muscles
Nonrespiratory Muscles
many processes can move air into and our of lungs besides breathing
may modify normal respiratory rhythm
result from reflex action, some; voluntary
Example: coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns
Assessing Ventilation
respiratory volumes and capacities are usually abnormal in people with pulmonary disorders
Spirometer
: original, cumbersome clinical tool used to measure patient's respiratory volumes
Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume (TV):
amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume(ERV
): amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs
Residual volume (RV):
amount of air that always remains in lungs
Respiratory Capacities
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
: sum of TV+IRV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
sum of RV+ERV
Vital Capacity (VC):
sum of TV+IRV+ERV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
: sum of all lung volumes (TV+IRV+ERV+R
Dead Space
Anatomical dead space
: does not contribute to gas exchange
Alveolar dead space:
space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli
Total dead space
: sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space
Pulmonary Function Tests
spirometry can distinguish between:
Obstructive pulmonary disease
: increased airway resistance (ex: bronchitis)
Restrictive disease
: reduced TLC due to disease (ex: tuberculosis) or exposure to environmental agents
forced vital capacity
: amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking deep breaths
[orced expiratory volume
: amount of gas expelled during specific time interval of FVC
Gas Exchange
occurs between lungs and blood as well as blood and tissues
external respiration
: diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
internal respiration:
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
External Respiration
involves O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes
parietal pressure gradients and gas solubilites
Internal Respiration
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Atelectasis:
lung collapse due to
plugged bronchioles, which cause collapse of alveoli
Pneumothorax, air in pleural cavity
can occur from either wound in parietal pleura or rupture of visceral pleura
treated by removing air with chest tubes
when pleurae heal, lung reinforces
Laryngitis
inflammation of vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations
results: changes to vocal tone, causing hoarseness. speaking is limited to a whisper
caused by:
viral infections but also be due to overuse of the voice, very dry air, bacterial infections, tumors on vocal folds, inhalation of irritating chemicals
Smoking
inhibits and destroys cilia
with no ciliary activity, coughing is the only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in lungs
when stops smoking: ciliary functions recovers within a few weeks
Tracheal obstruction
life threatening, people suffocate after chocking on a piece of food that closed off their trachea
Heimlich maneuver:
procedure in which air in victims lungs is used to "pop out", or expel, an obstructing piece of food
Pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia
inflammed pleurae become rough, result in friction and stabbing pain with each breath
Pleurae
: may produce excessive amount of fluid, may exert on lungs hindering breathing
other fluids may accumulate in pleural cavity:
blood:
leaked from damaged blood vessels
blood filtrate
: watery fluid that oozes from lung capillaries when left-side heart failure occures
Pleural effusion
: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
Tonsillities
infected and swollen tonsils can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth
when chronically enlarged, both speech and sleep may be disturbed
surgery to remove it might be necessary ( tonsillectomy )