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Respiratory System - Richard Nguyen P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System - Richard Nguyen P.6
Major functions of the respiratory system
supply body with O2for cellular respiration
Respiratory and circulatory system are closely coupled
if either system fails, body’s cells die from oxygen starvation
Also functions in olfaction and speech
dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose
Supported by bone and cartilage
Internal nasal cavity is divided by midline nasal septum and lined with mucosa.
Roof of nasal cavity contains olfactory epithelium
FUNCTION
produces mucus, filters incoming air while also moistening and warming them up
resonance chamber for speech
Paranasal Sinuses
Mucosa-lined
Air filled cavities in cranial bones
FUNCTION
Warm, moisten, and filter the incoming air
May also lighten the skukll
Pharynx
passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus
DIVIDES INTO THREE SECTIONS
Oropharynx
passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
MEDIUM BETWEEN THE NASO AND LARY
Laryngopharynx
passageway for food and air
posterior to upright epiglottis
MOST INFERIOR
Nasopharynx
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
MOST SUPERIOR
FUNCTION
Passageway for air and food
facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
Connects pharynx to trachea
opening can be closed by epiglottis or vocal folds
Function
Voice production
air passageway
prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
BASIC ANATOMY OF THE LARYNX
extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid
bone
consists of nine hyaline cartilages (except for epiglottis), connected by membranes and ligaments
Speech: intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
Thyroid cartilage
large, shield-shaped cartilage that resembles an upright open
book; “spine” of book is the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Trachea
Flexible tube running from the larynx and divides into two main bronchi
FUNCTION
Air passageway
Clean, warm, and moisten incoming air
BASIC ANATOMY OF THE TRACHEA
extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
Wall composed of three layers
Mucosa
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Submucosa
connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce the
mucus “sheets” within trachea
Adventita
outermost layer made of connective tissue
Bronchial Tree
consists of right and left main bronchi
constriction of this muscle impedes expiration
FUNCTION
air passageway connecting trachea with alveoli
cleans, warms, and moisten incoming air
CONDUCTING ZONE STRUCTURES
Trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi
Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
Each main bronchus then branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Branches become smaller and smaller
Alveoli
Microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree
External surfaces are intimately associated with pulmonary capillaries
FUNCTION
Main sites of gas exchange
Lungs
Paired composite organs that flank mediastinum in thorax
Composed of alveoli and respiratory passageways
FUNCTION
House respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
Pleurae
Serous membranes
Parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity
visceral pleura covers the external lung surfaces
FUNCTION
produce lubricating fluid
Layers of the pleurae
Pleurae
thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two
pleural compartments and mediastinum
Parietal pleura
membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart,
and between lungs
Visceral pleura
membrane on external lung surface
Pleural fluid
Provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Gases flow into lungs
Active process involving inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
Action of the diaphragm
moves inferiorly and flattens out
Action of intercostal muscles
external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out
As thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched as they are pulled out with thoracic cage
Forced (deep) inspirations can occur during vigorous exercise or in people with COPD
Expiration
Gases exit lungs
Quiet expiration normally is passive process
Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, and lungs recoil
Forced expiration is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal muscles
Nonrespiratory air movements
Many processes can move air into or out of lungs besides breathing
May modify normal respiratory rhythm
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure (PATM)
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Intrapulmonary pressure (PPUL)
Pressure in alveoli (intra alveolar pressure)
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with PATM
Transpulmonary pressure (PPUL-PIP)
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open
Keeps lungs from collapsing
Intrapleural pressure (PIP)
Pressure in pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure
Promote Lung Collapse
Lungs’ natural tendency to recoil
Surface tension of alveolar fluid
BOYLE'S LAW
relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
Gases always fill the container they are in
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
sum of TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
sum of RV + ERV
Vital capacity (VC)
sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV+ ERV + RV)
Respiratory Volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond
the tidal volume
(2100–3200 ml)
Tidal volume (TV)
amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
~500ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from
lungs
(1000–1200 ml)
Residual volume (RV)
amount of air that always remains in lungs
Internal vs. external respiration
External Respiration
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
involves the exchange of O2 and CO2
across respiratory membranes
partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Steep partial pressure gradient for O2 exists between blood and lungs
Internal Respiration
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tonsillitis
infected and swollen tonsils
block air passageway in the nasopharynx
SOLUTION
Surgery to remove it if they get chronically enlarged
Laryngitis
inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell,
change to vocal tone, hoarseness
caused by viral infection
may also be caused by overuse of voice, a lot of dry air
Smoking
inhibits and ultimately destroys the cilia
coughing occurs
Tracheal Obstruction
choking on a piece of food
SOLUTION
Heimlich Maneuver
procedure in which air in the lungs is used to push out the obstructing food
Pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia
can become rough causing friction and stabbing pain
Pleural effusion
fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
Alectasis
lung collapse
Plugged bronchioles
Pneumothorax
air in pleural cavity
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
increased airway resistance
Restrictive Disease
reduced TLC due to disease
Respiration
Respiratory System
Pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs AKA breathing
External respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Circulatory System
Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood flow
Internal respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues