Respiratory System
Major Functions
Upper Respiratory structures and functions
Lower Respiratory structures and functions
Layers of the Pleurae
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Internal vs. external respiration
Disorders of the respiratory system
Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
Nose
Pharynx
The nose has hair to prevent the entry of particles into the airways
the nose is mostly made up of cartilage and some bone
Nose contains nostrils that allow an entrance for air to get in and out of the body
The nasal septum divides the cavity down the middle
Conchae also warm and filter the incoming air
Nasal Conchae are scroll shaped bones that split the cavity into passageways for air
Serve as chambers for the voice to reverberate in
There are the Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid
Sinuses open into the nasal cavity
Helps to produce sound for speech
Has three subdivisions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
The space behind the oral and nasal cavities
And its passageway for air and food
It contains the Visceral (inner layer) and it is attached to the surface of the lungs
Parietal Outer layer which lines the thoracic cavity
It is a double layered serous membrane
Serous fluid lubes the pleural cavity between the two layers
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchial tree
Larynx
Lungs
transports air in and out of the trachea
HOUSES THE VOCAL CORDS
an enlargement in the airway, superior to the trachea
Formed by muscles and cartilage that is bound by elastic tissue
Also where the adams apple is found
The harder the air goes through the louder the sounds the chords make
Changing tension of the chords changes the pitch of the sound
Tube that extends downward into the thoracic cavity
Splits into right and left primary bronchi
Inner walls are lined with goblet cells and a mucous membrane
Wall is supported by 20 cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open
Primary bronchi are the first branches off of the trachea and they each lead to a lung, the secondary bronchi each enter a lobe of the lungs
Tertiary bronchi each enter a segment
Bronchioles branch off the segmental bronchi, then comes the terminal bronchioles which still conduct air but dont exchange gas, respiratory bronchioles contain alveoli and come off of the terminal
Consists of mucous membrane lined tube airways goes from the trachea to the alveoli
Alveolar ducts branch off the respiratory bronchioles, then come the alveolar sacs which contain alveoli, and lastly alveoli conduct gas exchange and are surrounded by capillary networks
separated by the mediastinum, and are surrounded by the thoracic cage and the diaphragm
large blood vessels enter each lung on the surface
Soft spongy organs of the respiratory system
Right lung is larger than the left one
Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)
Left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
Respiratory Capacities (combinations of respiratory volumes)
There are 4 distinct respiratory volumes
Tidal Volume - volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one cycle (around 500mL)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume - volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume ( about 3,000 mL)
Expiratory reserve volume - the max volume of air that can be exhaled beyond just the tidal volume which is around 1200 mL
Residual Volume - volume of air left in the lungs after a max expiration (about 1200 mL) and this cannot be measured with a spirometer
Functional Residual Capacity - volume of air that remains in lungs after a expiration ERV + RV = ~ 2300 mL
Vital Capacity - the max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhale TV + IRV = ~ 4600 mL
Inspiratory capacity - volume of air inhaled after a normal expiration IRV + TV = ~ 3500 mL
Total Lung Capacity - total volume of air the lungs can hold, VC + RV = ~ 5800 mL this number can vary depending on body size and age
Internal respiration occurs when the gasses are exchanged inside of the body
External respiration occurs in the lungs when oxygen goes into our blood and CO2 diffuses into the alveolar air
Inspiration
Expiration
External Intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum up and outwards
these muscle contractions result in pressure change in lungs -2 mm below the atmospheric pressure, this causes the air from the outside to rush in
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward which enlarges the thoracic cavity
Has tubes that warm, filter, and moisturize incoming air, the air then gets transported to gas exchange areas to exchange o2 for co2
It also removes particles from the incoming air, provides our vocal sounds, regulates our blood pH, and helps with our sense of smell
Get oxygen from the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide from the body's cells
Tuberculosis - a contagious bacterial/viral infection of the lungs, can be treated by antibiotics, surgery, or meds, but some variants cannot be treated
Pneumonia - bacterial/viral infection of the lungs this can be treated by meds, antibiotics, or oxygen therapy
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) - can be caused by smoking, air pollution, or age and can be treated thru medication oxygen therapy or lung transplant
Lung Cancer - is uncontrolled cell growth or tumors in the lungs this can be caused by smoking, genes, or air pollution, and this can be treated by chemo, radiation, or surgical removal
air moves from higher pressure to lower pressure areas so when the pressure in the lungs drops the air from the outside rushes into the lungs atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg
During inhalation the alveolar pressure is -1 that of the atmospheric pressure which causes the air to enter the lungs
During exhalation the alveolar pressure is +1 that of the atmospheric pressure which forces the air out of the lungs and back into the atmosphere