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Amy Arteaga Period 7- Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Amy Arteaga Period 7- Respiratory System
Major functions of the respiratory system
Allows to be able to talk, larynx(voice box)
Moistens air to match the air temperature, function of nasal cavity
delivers oxygen to the body and releases gases like carbon dioxide, overall
allows for sense of smell, through nose
Upper respiratory structures / functions
NASAL CAVITY: hollow space behind nose
(Paranasal) SINUSES: air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones; reduce weight of skull, resonant chambers for voice
NOSE: openings for entrance and exit of air
PHARYNX(throat): space behind oral, nasal cavities, and larynx; common passageway for food, water, and air
Lower respiratory structures / functions
LARYNX: voice box/vocal cords: passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea
TRACHEA(windpipe): large cylindrical tube reinforced by C-shaped cartilaginous rings, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs. Turn into two diff. bronchi
BRONCHIAL TREE: branched airways, from trachea to alveoli
LUNGS: soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs
DIAPHRAGM: large/flat muscle, bottom of chest cavity* helps w/ normal inspiration
ALVEOLI: smaller sacs of lung tissue, movement of gases between air/blood. simple squamous epithelium *where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
branching pattern: trachea--> bronchi--> bronchioles--> alveoli
Layers of the pleurae
Pleura
: double-layered serous membrane covering the lungs
visceral pleura
: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
parietal pleura
: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Mechanism of inspiration VS expiration
Inspiration
- breathing in, inhalation
Maximal inspiration
:(deep breath) enlarges thoracic cavity; contraction of pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, & scalenes
Normal inspiration
: diaphragm contracts & moves DOWNWARD, enlarging thoracic cavity
Surfacant
: chemical in lungs, maintains surface tension of alveoli, keeping them from collapsing
air moves from HIGH to LOW pressure
diaphragm moves posteriorly, & intercostal muscles contract to "open up" the chest cavity space
Expiration
- breathing out, exhalation
Forced expiration
: active process; uses abdominal & internal intercostal muscles. More air than normal
Normal expiration
: Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles RELAX, lungs recoil, DECREASING volume of thoracic cavity. Diaphragm, pushes upwards. elastic recoil of muscles, lung tissues, & surface tension w/alveoli
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
during expiration; diaphram relaxes, volume decreases and pressure increases. The lungs contract and expel air; thoracic cavity decreases
during inhalation thoracic cavity reached by; 1)nasal cavity, 2)pharynx, 3)Larynx, 4)trachea
when inhalation occurs, thoracic cavity increases in size & intercostal muscles contract to "open up" the chest cavity space. when air moves into the lungs; air pressure inside lungs is less than air pressure in atmosphere
pulmonary ventilation in the thoracic cavity is: both inspiration and expiration
air from outside the body; passively INTO your lungs from an area of high pressure towards lower pressure
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Resp. VOLUMES
Tidal volume(TV)
:(one breath) amount of air that moves in & out of lungs during 1 respiratory cycle. 500ml
Inspiration reserve volume(IRV)
: amount of air inhaled after a normal inhalation; amount of air inhaled in addition to normal tidal volume. birthday candles. 3,100ml
Expiratory reserve volume(ERV
): amount of air forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation. 1,200ml
Residual volume(RV)
: amount remaining in lungs after forced exhalation. 1,200ml & cannot be measured by spirometer
Resp. CAPACITIES
Inspiratory Capacity(IC)
: max amount of air inhaled after a normal tidal expiration; TV + IRV
*Fonctional Residual Capacity(FRC):
remains in lungs after resting expiration. ERV + RV
Vital capacity(VC)
: amount of "exchangeable" air; TV + IRV + ERV. 4,800mL
Total lung Capacity(TLC):
total amount of air lungs hold. 6,000 mL; VC + RV
atomc dead space:
air remaining in bronchial tree; NOT involved in gas exchange
Spirometry
: measures lung capacity and function
Internal vs. external respiration
external respiration
: gas exchange between LUNGS and BLOOD
Internal respiration
: gas exchange between BLOOD and body CELLS
RESPIRATION: gas exchange between atmosphere and cells
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD: includes bronchitis, emphysema, asthma. S; chronic cough, wheezing, tight chest, lung damage. RF; tabacco, dust, air pollution
TUBRCULOSIS: Bacterial infection in respiratory system caused by myobacterium tuberculosis. S; cough w/ thick mucus, swollen lymph nodes, tatent TB. RF: weak immune system, contagious.
PNEUMONIA: Bacterial/viral infection of lungs. S; shortness of breath, chills, chest pain, cough w/ mucus
LUNG CANCER: uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in lungs. S; chest pain, blood in sputum, fatigue, persistent cough. RF; smoking, secondhand smoke, asbestos exposure, air pollution, genetics
SEASONAL FLU: viral infection, changes year to year. S: dry cough, fatigue, congestion, nausea, chills. RF: living conditions, chronic illness, weak immune system.