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Concept Map: 09 respiratory system / Leslie Vieyra Period 2 - Coggle…
Concept Map: 09 respiratory system / Leslie Vieyra Period 2
major functions of the respiratory system
obtains oxygen from the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide from the cells
removes particles from incoming air and regulates the temperature/water content of the air
provides vocal sounds and helps in sense of smell
regulates blood pH
consists of tube that is transported into the gas exchanges area and microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
upper respiratory structures and functions:
nose
-nostrils provide an opening for the entrance and exit of air
the nose is supported by bone and cartilage
contains coarse hairs which play a role in preventing the entry of particles
nasal cavity
is divided medially by the nasal septum and is consisted of cartilage and bone
is a hollow space posterior to the nose
paranasal sinuses
opens in to the nasal cavity
reduces the weight of the skull
pharynx:
located behind the oral and nasal cavities and larynx
serves as a passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
aids in producing sounds for speech
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
lower respiratory structures and functions:
larynx
function: transports air in and out of the trachea, houses the vocal cords, helps keep particles from entering the trachea
define: an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the laryngopharynx
what it is made of: it is composed of framework of muscles and cartilage bound by the elastic tissue
large cartilages
thyroid cartilage:
known as the adams apple
flexible tissue
houses the vocal folds
vocal folds: consists of muscle and connective tissue, and covered with mucous membrane, extends from the walls
during breathing, vocal cords relax and glottis is open
glottis: true vocal cords and opening between them
air forced through the glottis vibrates vocal cords to produce sound
epiglottis: covers the opening to the glottis, stands vertically and allows air to enter larynx
trachea (windpipe)
structure and function: cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, which then splits into the right and left pulmonary bronchi
inner wall:
ciliated mucous membrane:
serves as the protection of the body from external pathogens
goblet cells:
produces mucus that traps incoming particles
is scattered throughout the cilia and secretes mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus
cartilaginous rings:
shape: C-shaped
function: allows the trachea to collapse sightly at the opening so that food can pass down the esophagus (keeps the airway open)
bronchial tree: consist of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways, leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs which are called alveoli
primary bronchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea, each leads to a lung
secondary bronchi: branches off the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
tertiary bronchi: branches off the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
terminal bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles ; smallest bronchioles that conduct air , without performing gas exchange
respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs: branch off alveolar ducts, consists of air sacs called the alveoli
alveoli: consists off the simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries ; closely surrounded by the extensive capillary networks
lungs
structure and shape: soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system
occupies most of the thoracic cavity
is separated medially by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic age
the pleura
visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
serous fluid: lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
left lung only has 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
layers of the pleura
inner layer: (visceral pleura) wraps around the lungs and is stuck so tightly to the lungs
outer layer (parietal pleura) lines the thoracic cavity
serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
a double layered serous membrane
compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
comparing: gas exchange, ribs swing, intercostal muscle swings
contrast: inspiration refers to the act of drawing air into the lungs while expiration refers to the act of releasing air from the lungs through the nose or mouth
inspiration
the diaphragm goes down, the pressure decreases, increases the size of the thoracic cavity, decreases the pressure inside
expiration
includes exhalation, pressure increases, relaxation, diaphragm goes up, chest cavity decreases
respiratory volumes and capacities
spirometry: study of various air volumes that move into and out of lungs
respiratory cycle: one inspiration followed by expiration
4 distinct respiratory volumes:
tidal volume: volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is 500mL
Inspiratory reserve volume: volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is 3,000mL
expiratory reserve volume: volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is 1,200mL
residual volume: volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is 1,200mL, cannot be measured with a spirometer
respiratory capacities:
inspiratory capacity: volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (3,500mL)
functional residual capacity: volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV +RV (2,300mL)
vital capacity (VC): maximum volume of the air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
total lung capacity (TLC): the total volume of the air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (5,800mL); varies with age , gender, body, size
anatomic dead space: the volume of the air remaining in the bronchial tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
disorders of the respiratory system:
seasonal flu
there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year
causes: age, pregnancy, occupation
symptoms: dry cough, nausea and vomitting, congestion
treatment options: antiviral medication, rest and hydration, early vaccination
COPD: chronic constructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
causes or risk factors: tobacco smoke, chemical fume exposure, asthmatic bronchitis
symptoms: tight chest, lung damage, increased mucus
treatment options: lung transplant, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
tuberculosis: bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacteria tuberculosis
symptoms: fever and fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath
treatment options: surgery, medication, or long-term anti-biotics
causes or risk factors: drug and alcohol abuse, travel where Tb is common, weakened immune system
pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
causes or risk factors: bacterial infection, aspiration, viral infection
symptoms: diarrhea, cough with mucus, tachycardia
treatment options: antibiotics, oxygen therapy, over the center medication
internal vs external expiration
expiration
Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscle and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
forced expiration
Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
internal expiration: the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells.
waste and carbon dioxide are also diffused from the other direction, from the cells to the blood