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Respiratory System-Alexis Gutierrez Per. 2 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System-Alexis Gutierrez Per. 2
Major Function of the Respiratory System
Oxygen-required by cells to break down nutrients, to release
energy and produce ATP
Carbon dioxide-product of nutrient
breakdown, which has to be excreted from the body
Respiration- process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells
Ventilation or breathing
External respiration- gas exchange between(lungs~blood)
Gas transport- blood(lungs~body cells)
Internal respiration-gas exchange(blood~body cells)
Cellular respiration- oxygen use & production of carbon dioxide
Mucous membranes- bronchial tree filter, warm, humidify incoming air
Upper Respiratory
Structure & Functions
Nose- provide openings for air
prevent entry of particles
Nasal cavity- divided by NASAL
SAPTUM, NASAL CONCHAE divide
nasal passageways, filter incoming air
Sinuses- Reduce weight of skull, serve
as resonant chambers for voice, air-filled
spaces, lined with mucous
Pharynx(throat)- common passageway
for air & food, AIDS in PRODUCING SOUNDS
for SPEECH, subdivisions: nasopharynx,
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Lower Respiratory
Structure & Functions
Larynx- transport air in & out of trachea,
HOUSES VOCAL CORDS, keeps particles from
entering trachea, THYROID CARTILAGE
(adam's apple)
Glottis-
TRUE VOCAL CORDS & opening
between them, air forced through glottis
vibrates vocal cords to produce sounds
Epiglottis-
Cover opening to glottis, allows
air to enter, during swallowing
epiglottis close off the glottis to prevent
food from entering larynx
Trachea(windpipe)- splits into right
& left primary bronchi, extends downward
anterior to esophagus, wall supported by 20
incomplete(C-shaped) cartilaginous rings
Bronchial tree- branched tubular airways,
PRIMARY BRONCHI- first, branch off trachea, leads to each lung, SECONDARY BRONCHI- each enters a lobe of lung, TERTIARY BRONCHI- branches of lobar bronchi, enters segment of lung
Bronchioles- smaller tubular organs
Terminal bronchioles- branches off larger bronchioles, conduct air
Respiratory bronchioles- branch off terminal bronchioles, contain alveoli, can preform gas exchange
Alveolar ducts- branch off respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar sacs- branch off alveolar ducts, consist of air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli- CONDUCT RAPID GAS ECHANGE between air & blood, consist of simple squamous epithelium
Lungs- soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs, occupy most of thoracic cavity, primary bronchus & large blood vessels enter each lung, RIGHT LUNG LARGER
Right lung- 3 LOBES(superior, middle, inferior)
Left lung- 2 LOBES(superior & inferior)
Compare and Contrast the
Mechanism of Inspiration
and Expiration
Inspiration(inhalation)
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
diaphragm moves down
pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm
below atmospheric pressure
surface tension between 2 layers of pleura
Maximal inspiration requires contraction of
several other muscles
surfactant(lipoprotein mixture) keeps alveoli inflated
Expiration(exhalation)
Normal expiration
passive process of elastic recoil of muscles
pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric
pressure
air rushes out
Forced expiration
more air to rush out than normal
Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles
diaphragm moves up/ relaxes
Pressure
Relationships in Thoracic
Cavity
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure(760 mm Hg)
Alveolar pressure(inspiration): -1cm H20
Alveolar pressure(expiration): +1cm H20
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Volumes
Tidal volume(TV): air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): air that can be inhaled in ADDITION to tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, BEYOND the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
Residual volume (RV): air that REMAINS in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC): air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Functional residual capacity (FRC): air that REMAINS in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Vital capacity (VC): MAXIMUM air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Vital capacity (VC): MAXIMUM air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Internal vs. External Respiration
Internal- gas exchange between blood & body cells
External- gas exchange between lungs & blood
Disorders of the
Respiratory System
COPD- chronic branchistis,
emphysoa & asthma
CAUSE- tobacco smoke, chemical fume, air pollution, SYMPTOMS- wheezing, tight chest, shortness of breath
TREATMENT- medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Tuberculosis- bacterial infection
CAUSE- drug & alchol abuse
SYMPTOMS- fever & fatigue, chest pain, cough w/h thick mucus
TREATMENT- long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Pneumonia- bacterial or viral
infection of lungs
CAUSE- impaired immune system, aspiration
SYMPTOMS- fever, chest pain, nausea & vomiting
TREATMENT- medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Lung Cancer- uncontrolled cell
growth & development
CAUSE- smoking, air pollution
SYMPTOMS- chest pain, weight loss, blood in septum
TREATMENT- radiation, surgical removal, targeted therapy
Seasonal Flu- viral infection,
changes rapidly year to year
CAUSE- age, weakened immune system, chronic illness
SYMPTOMS- dry cough, fatigue, headache
TREATMENT- early vaccination, antiviral medication, rest & hydration
Layers of the Pleurae
Visceral pleura- INNER layer,
attached to surface of each lung
Parietal pleura- OUTER layer, lines
thoracic cavity
Serous fluid- LUBRICATES pleural
cavity, between 2 layers