Respiratory System-Alexis Gutierrez Per. 2

Major Function of the Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory
Structure & Functions

Lower Respiratory
Structure & Functions

Compare and Contrast the
Mechanism of Inspiration
and Expiration

Pressure
Relationships in Thoracic
Cavity

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Internal vs. External Respiration

Disorders of the
Respiratory System

Oxygen-required by cells to break down nutrients, to release
energy and produce ATP

Carbon dioxide-product of nutrient
breakdown, which has to be excreted from the body

Respiration- process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells

Ventilation or breathing

External respiration- gas exchange between(lungs~blood)

Gas transport- blood(lungs~body cells)

Internal respiration-gas exchange(blood~body cells)

Cellular respiration- oxygen use & production of carbon dioxide

Mucous membranes- bronchial tree filter, warm, humidify incoming air

Nose- provide openings for air
prevent entry of particles

Nasal cavity- divided by NASAL
SAPTUM, NASAL CONCHAE divide
nasal passageways, filter incoming air

Sinuses- Reduce weight of skull, serve
as resonant chambers for voice, air-filled
spaces, lined with mucous

Pharynx(throat)- common passageway
for air & food, AIDS in PRODUCING SOUNDS
for SPEECH, subdivisions: nasopharynx,
oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Larynx- transport air in & out of trachea,
HOUSES VOCAL CORDS, keeps particles from
entering trachea, THYROID CARTILAGE
(adam's apple)

Trachea(windpipe)- splits into right
& left primary bronchi, extends downward
anterior to esophagus, wall supported by 20
incomplete(C-shaped) cartilaginous rings

Bronchial tree- branched tubular airways,
PRIMARY BRONCHI- first, branch off trachea, leads to each lung, SECONDARY BRONCHI- each enters a lobe of lung, TERTIARY BRONCHI- branches of lobar bronchi, enters segment of lung

Lungs- soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs, occupy most of thoracic cavity, primary bronchus & large blood vessels enter each lung, RIGHT LUNG LARGER

Glottis-

Epiglottis-

TRUE VOCAL CORDS & opening
between them, air forced through glottis
vibrates vocal cords to produce sounds

Cover opening to glottis, allows
air to enter, during swallowing
epiglottis close off the glottis to prevent
food from entering larynx

Bronchioles- smaller tubular organs

Terminal bronchioles- branches off larger bronchioles, conduct air

Respiratory bronchioles- branch off terminal bronchioles, contain alveoli, can preform gas exchange

Alveolar ducts- branch off respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar sacs- branch off alveolar ducts, consist of air sacs called alveoli

Alveoli- CONDUCT RAPID GAS ECHANGE between air & blood, consist of simple squamous epithelium

Right lung- 3 LOBES(superior, middle, inferior)

Left lung- 2 LOBES(superior & inferior)

COPD- chronic branchistis,
emphysoa & asthma

Tuberculosis- bacterial infection

Pneumonia- bacterial or viral
infection of lungs

Lung Cancer- uncontrolled cell
growth & development

Seasonal Flu- viral infection,
changes rapidly year to year

CAUSE- tobacco smoke, chemical fume, air pollution, SYMPTOMS- wheezing, tight chest, shortness of breath
TREATMENT- medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy

CAUSE- drug & alchol abuse
SYMPTOMS- fever & fatigue, chest pain, cough w/h thick mucus
TREATMENT- long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication

CAUSE- impaired immune system, aspiration
SYMPTOMS- fever, chest pain, nausea & vomiting
TREATMENT- medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy

CAUSE- smoking, air pollution
SYMPTOMS- chest pain, weight loss, blood in septum
TREATMENT- radiation, surgical removal, targeted therapy

CAUSE- age, weakened immune system, chronic illness
SYMPTOMS- dry cough, fatigue, headache
TREATMENT- early vaccination, antiviral medication, rest & hydration

Layers of the Pleurae

Visceral pleura- INNER layer,
attached to surface of each lung

Parietal pleura- OUTER layer, lines
thoracic cavity

Serous fluid- LUBRICATES pleural
cavity, between 2 layers

Inspiration(inhalation)

Expiration(exhalation)

Air moves from higher to lower pressure

Normal expiration

diaphragm moves down

pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm
below atmospheric pressure

surface tension between 2 layers of pleura

Maximal inspiration requires contraction of
several other muscles

surfactant(lipoprotein mixture) keeps alveoli inflated

Forced expiration

diaphragm moves up/ relaxes

passive process of elastic recoil of muscles

pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric
pressure

air rushes out

more air to rush out than normal

Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles

Volumes

Capacities

Tidal volume(TV): air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): air that can be inhaled in ADDITION to tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, BEYOND the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL

Residual volume (RV): air that REMAINS in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer

Inspiratory capacity (IC): air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)

Functional residual capacity (FRC): air that REMAINS in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)

Vital capacity (VC): MAXIMUM air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)

Pressure

Atmospheric pressure(760 mm Hg)

Alveolar pressure(inspiration): -1cm H20

Alveolar pressure(expiration): +1cm H20

Internal- gas exchange between blood & body cells

External- gas exchange between lungs & blood