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Respiratory System -Guangyuan Pan Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System -Guangyuan Pan Period 2
Upper Respiratory structures and fuctions
Nasal Cavity
Conducts air to pharynx
Mucous lining filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
Sinuses
Reduce weight of skull
Nose
Nostrils give entrancement to nasal cavity
Pharynx
Passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for
food moving from oral cavity to esophagus
Internal vs. External respiration
external
Gas exchange between lungs and blood
Internal
Gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Volume and pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
Intra-alveolar
increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric
pressure
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory capacities
Inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
Tidial volume
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one
respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Residual volume
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory volumes
Functional residual capacity
is volume of air that remains in
lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Vital capacity
is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Inspiratory capacity
s volume of air that can be inhaled after a
normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Total lung capacity
is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC
RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
Anatomic dead space = the volume of air remaining in the
bronchial tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
Major functions of the Respiratory System
Has tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air
Removes particles from incoming air, regulates temperature and water content of the air, provides vocal sounds, regulated blood pH, and helps in sense of smell
Gets oxygen from atmosphere and gets rid of carbon dioxide
from body
Events
Gas transport
in blood between the lungs and body cells
Internal respiration
gas exchange between the blood and body cells
External respiration
the movement of air into and out of the
lungs
Cellular respiration
oxygen use by the cells, and production of carbon
dioxide
Breathing
the movement of air into and out of the
lungs
Mucous membranes
bronchial tree filter, warm, and humidify
incoming air
Layers of the pleurae
Outer pleura (parietal pleura)
Attached to the chest wall
Inner pleura (visceral pleura)
Covers the lungs and adjoining structures, via blood vessels,
bronchi, and nerves.
Lower Respiratory structures and fuctions
Trachea
Passageway for air and the mucous lining continues to
filter particles from incoming air
Bronchial tree
Conducts air from trachea to alveoli
Larynx
Passageway for air and prevents foreign objects from
entering trachea
Has vocal cords
Lungs
Contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, ct, lymphatic
vessels, and nerves
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Expiration
Normal expiration
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the
lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above
atmospheric pressure
Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles
and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to
original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
Forced expiration
Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
Inspiration
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere; this occurs during inspiration
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure
inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia
Inflammation and fluid in the lungs
Lung Caner
Mass of uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection bu mycobacterium tuberculosis
Seasonal Flu
A Viral infection there are many variation of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symtoms.
COPD
Progressive diesease that makes it more difficul to breath .