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Nathaniel Matulessya Period 2 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Nathaniel Matulessya Period 2
Respiratory System
Major functions of the Respiratory System
Gets oxygen from atmosphere and gets rid of carbon dioxide from body
Has tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air
Removes particles from incoming air, regulates temperature and water content of the air, provides vocal sounds, regulated blood pH, and helps in sense of smell
Events
Breathing
the movement of air into and out of the
lungs
External respiration
the gas exchange between lungs and blood
Gas transport
in blood between the lungs and body cells
Internal respiration
gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Cellular respiration
oxygen use by the cells, and production of carbon
dioxide
Mucous membranes
bronchial tree filter, warm, and humidify
incoming air
Upper Respiratory structures and fuctions
Nose
Nostrils give entrancement to nasal cavity
Nasal Cavity
Conducts air to pharynx
Mucous lining filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
Sinuses
Reduce weight of skull
Pharynx
Passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for food moving from oral cavity to esophagus
Lower Respiratory structures and fuctions
Larynx
Passageway for air and prevents foreign objects from
entering trachea
Has vocal cords
Bronchial tree
Conducts air from trachea to alveoli
Lungs
Contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, ct, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Trachea
Passageway for air and the mucous lining continues to
filter particles from incoming air
Layers of the pleurae
Outer pleura (parietal pleura)
Attached to the chest wall
Inner pleura (visceral pleura)
Covers the lungs and adjoining structures, via blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves.
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Expiration
Normal expiration
Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
ncreased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
Forced expiration
Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
Inspiration
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere; this occurs during inspiration
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Internal vs. External respiration
Internal
Gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Extrenal
Gas exchange between lungs and blood
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be inhaled in
addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be exhaled during a
maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
Residual volume
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a
maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a
Tidial volume
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one
respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Respiratory capacities
Vital capacity
is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Functional residual capacity
is volume of air that remains in
lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Inspiratory capacity
is volume of air that can be inhaled after a
normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Total lung capacity
is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC
RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
Anatomic dead space = the volume of air remaining in the bronchial tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
Volume and pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting
inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting
expiration
Residual volume (RV)
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal
expiration
Vital capacity (VC)
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the
deepest breath possible: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation
of resting tidal volume: IC = TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of
resting tidal volume: FRC = ERV + RV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC = VC + RV
Tidal volume (TV)
Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory
cycle
Disorders of the respiratory system
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Cystic Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis
Pneumonia
Pleural Effusion