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Respiratory System P.2 Destiny Quinteros - Coggle Diagram

- - - - - Ventilation or Breathing: movement of air into & out of lungs
      - - External Respiration: gas exchange between lungs & blood
      - Gas transport́; blood between lungs and body cells
      - Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood & body cells
      - - Cellular respiration: oxygen use by cells, & production of carbon dioxide
      - - Mucous membrane: of bronchial tree filter, war, & humidity incoming air
- - - - opening; entrance & exit of air
      - Contains: coare hair, which prevent entry of particles
    - - hollow space behind nose
      - Nasal conchae; scroll-shaped bones that divide cavity into passageways
      - Conchae support mucus membrane & increase surface area to warm, moisturize, & filter incoming air
      - - Particles trapped in membrane are carried to pharynx by cilia, swallowed, & carried to stomach(gastric juice destroys microorganisms in mucus)
    - - Air-filled space in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, & sphenoid bones
      - Open to nasal cavity
      - Mucus membrane lined, continuous with lining nasal cavity
      - Reduces weight of skull
      - Resonant chambers of voice
    - - Space behind oral & nasal cavities & larynx
      - Common passageway for air & food from nasal & oral cavities
      - Aids in producing sounds for speech
      - 3 Subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx
- - - - Glottis: true vocal cords & opening between them
      - During breathing, vocal chords relax & glottis is open
      - air forced through glottis vibrates vocal cords to produce sound
      - changing tension on vocal cords controls pitch of sound
      - loudness depends on force of air movement through cords
  - - - first branch
      - directly of trachea
      - each leads to a lung
    - - main bronch
      - each enters a lobe of lung
    - - lobar bronch
      - each enters a segment of lung
    - - smaller tubular organs that branch off segment bronchi
    - - branches off larger bronchioles
      - smallest that conducts air w/o gas exchange!
    - - branch off terminal branchioles
      - Contain: alveoli
      - can perform gas exchange
    - - branch off respiratory bronchioles
    - - branch off alveolar ducts
    - - Consist: air sacs > alveoli
      - conduct rapid gas exchange between air & blood > associated cappilaries; closely surround by extensive capillary network
- - - - volume of air that enters/leave lungs during one respiration cycle; Avr≈500 mL
    - - Volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume: forced inspiration; Avr≈3,000 mL
    - - Volume of air that can be exhaled during an maximal forced experation, past tidal vol Avr≈ 1,200mL
    - - Volume of air that remains in lungs after a maximal expiration, Avr≈1,200; can't be measured with spirometer
  - - - Vol of air can be inhaled after normal, resting expiration IRV+TU (≈3,500 mL)
    - - Vol of air remains in lungs after expiration ERV+RV (≈2,300 mL)
    - - Max vol of air, can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV+IRV+ERV (≈4,600 mL)
    - - total vol of air lung can hold; VC+RV (≈5,800 mL)
- - - - Muscle that expands during normal inspiration
      - Diaphram contacts & moves downward; enlarging thoracic cavity
      - External intercostals contact to move ribs & sternum upward & outward
      - >Contraction results: lung falling 2mm below atmospheric pressure; causes air to rush into lungs
      - Maximal Inspiration (deep breath)
        
        needs contraction of several muscles (pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes) to enlarge thoracic cavity more
        
        Surface tension between layers of pleura, as thoracic cavity expands lungs will expand with it
        
        - Lung expansion; a lipoprotein mixture > surfactant keeps alveoli inflated preventing collapse
  - - - Allows expiration of more air than normal
      - Alded by internal intercostal muscles & abdominal wall muscles, > compress rib cage & abdominal wall; respectively
- - - - Asthmatic bronchitis
      - Tobacco smoke
      - Air pollution
    - - Chronic cough
      - Tight chest
      - Heart disease
    - - Medication
      - Lung transplant
      - Oxygen therapy
  - - - Travel where TB is common
      - Drug & alcohol abuse
      - Care/live with TB Patients
    - - Fever, fatigue
      - Tachycardia
      - Chest pain
    - - Medication
      - surgery
      - long-term antibiotics
  - - - Bacterial infection
      - Aspiration
      - Impaired immune system
    - - Fever
      - Chest pain
      - Cough with mucus
    - - Oxygen therapy
      - Antibiotics
      - Over the counter medication
  - - - Smoking (90%)
      - Radon gas
      - Air pollution
    - - Chest pain
      - Weight loss
      - Shortness of breath
    - - Radiation
      - Chemotherapy
      - Surgical removal
  - - - Age
      - Pregnancy
      - Chronic illness
    - - Headache
      - Nausea and vomiting
      - Congestion
    - - Early vaccination
      - Rest + hydration
      - Over-counter medication
- - - - Composed of groups of neurons in brainstem, scattered throughout medulla ablongata & pons
      - Control breathing by causing inspiration & expiration, & by adjusting rate & depth of breathing
  - - - microscopic air sacs/ cavities clustered at distal ends of alveolar ducts
      - only sites of gas exchange between air & blood
      - Respiratory Membrane
        
        Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membraneby rapid diffusion
        
        Consists
        
        simple squamous epithelial cells of alveous
        
        endothelial cells (simple squamous epithelium) of capillary
        
        fused basement membranes of these layers