Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Respiratory System Israel Medina - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System
Israel Medina
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from body cells
Removes particles from incoming air
Regulates temperature and water content of the air
Provides vocal sounds
Regulates blood pH
Helps with sense of smell
UPPER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Sinuses open into the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with that lining in the nasal cavity
Reduce the weight of the skull
Serve as resonant chambers for the voice
Nasal Cavity
Hollow space posterior of the nose
Divided medially by nasal septum, consisting of bone and cartilage
Nasal conchae are scroll shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
Conchae support mucous membranes, and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize, and filter incoming air
Particles in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by action of cilia, swallowed, and carried to the stomach, where gastric juices destroy microorganisms in the mucus
Pharynx
Space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
common passage for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
Aids in producing sounds for speech
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Nose
Nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
Supported by bone and cartilage
Nostrils contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
LOWER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Trachea (windpipe)
Cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Splits into left and right primary bronchi
Inner wall is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells
Goblet cells produce mucus that trap incoming particles
-Cilia sweeps mucus toward pharynx, where it is swallowed
Wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone shaped organs of the respiratory system
Separated medially by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage
Occupies most of thoracic cavity
A primary bronchi and and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Larynx
An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the laryngopharynx
Transports air in and out of the trachea
Helps keep particles from entering the trachea
Houses the vocal cords
Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
Larger cartilages of the larynx: thyroid cartilage
Bronchial Tree
Consists of branched, mucous membrane lined tubular airways, leading from the trachea to the alveoli
Primary Bronchi:
first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea; each leads to a lung
Secondary Bronchi:
branches off the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Tertiary Bronchi:
branches off the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
Bronchioles:
smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Terminal Bronchioles:
branches off larger bronchioles; smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Respiratory Bronchioles:
branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli for gas exchange
Alveolar ducts:
branches off respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar sacs:
branches of alveolar ducts; consists of air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli:
consists of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries; closely surrounded by extensive capillary networks
LAYERS OF THE PLEURAE
Pleural cavity:
Located between the two pleural layers; lubricated by serous fluid
Visceral pleura:
Inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura:
Outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
MECHANISM OF INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
Inspiration
Air moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
Atmospheric pressure
: pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere
increasing the volume in the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease
Expiration
Results from passive process of elastic recoil from muscles and lung tissue, and surface tension within the alveoli
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes diaphragm upwards
As the lungs recoil the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decrease their volume
intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
VOLUME AND PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS IN THORACIC CAVITY
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
Residual volume:
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiration(1200 ml)
Vital capacity:
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible
Expiratory reserve volume:
Maximal volume that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration(1100 ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume:
Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration (3000 ml)
Tidal volume:
Volume of air moved in or out during a respiratory cycle (500 ml)