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Kayla Ramirez Per 2 Respiratory System, Compare and contrast the…
Kayla Ramirez Per 2 Respiratory System
Upper & Lower Respiratory structures and functions
The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into 2 portions or tracts:
• Upper respiratory tract:
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx
• Lower respiratory tract:
Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
Disorders of the Respiratory System
• Air movement not used for breathing
• Clear air passages or express emotion
• Coughing: reflex that clears substance from lower respiratory
tract
• Sneezing: reflex that clears upper respiratory passages
• Laughing and crying: involve inspiring, and expelling air via a
group of short expirations; express emotion
• Hiccups: spasms of the diaphragm; function is unknown
• Yawning: may cause increase in O2 intake, but unknown
Asthma.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Bronchitis.
Emphysema.
Lung Cancer.
Cystic Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis.
Pneumonia.
Pleural Effusion.
•The main difference between inspiration and expiration is that inspiration (inhalation) is the process of taking air into the lungs whereas
•Expiration (exhalation) is the process of liberating air from the lungs.
Internal vs. External Respiration
•External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air.
•External intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward
and outward
•Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm
below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into the
lungs
•Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells.
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is volume of air that can be inhaled after a
normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
• Functional residual capacity (FRC) is volume of air that remains in
lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
• Vital capacity (VC) is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
• Total lung capacity (TLC) is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC
RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
Layers of the pleurae
The pleura:
• A double-layered serous membrane
• Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
• Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
• Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
Major functions of the Respiratory system
• or breathing, the movement of air into and out of the lungs
• External respiration, the gas exchange between lungs and blood
• Gas transport in blood between the lungs and body cells
• Internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood and body cells
• Cellular respiration: oxygen use by the cells, and production of carbon dioxide
• Mucous membranes of bronchial tree filter, warm, and humidify incoming air
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
• Total lung capacity (TLC) is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC
after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
• Vital capacity (VC) is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
• Functional residual capacity (FRC) is volume of air that remains in
normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
• Inspiratory capacity (IC) is volume of air that can be inhaled after a
Respiratory capacities: combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes:
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration