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Respiratory System: Alicia Elizarraraz P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System: Alicia Elizarraraz P.2
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose,nasal cavity,sinuses,and phyranx
sinuses
: Air-filled spaces in the
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and spheroid bones
; sinuses open to the nasal cavity; lined with
mucous membrane
that is continuous with the lining nasal cavity
3 subdivision
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Pharynx(thorat
): space behind oral and nasal cavity and lyrnx; common passageway for air and food
Nose
: Entrance and exit of air; supported by bone and cartilage, nostrils contain coarse hair which prevent entry of particals
Nasal cavity:
Divided medially by the
nasal septum
, consisting of bone cartilage
nose conchae
are scrolled shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into the passageway; Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by action of
cilia
lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
: enlargement to the airway
superior to the trachea
and
inferior to the laryngopharynx
; transports air in and out of tracheae; houses the
vocal cords
; composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissues
Larger cartilage of the larynx:
thyroid cartilage(Adams apple)
2 pairs of vocal folds
; consisting of muscle and connective tissue and covered with mucus membrane
Glottis
: true vocal cords and opening between them; air-forced through the
glottis
vibrates the vocal cords to produce sound, changing the tension on the vocal cords controls the pitch of sounds
Flap-like
epiglottis
can cover the opening to the glottis, normally epiglottis stands vertically, and allows air to enter the
lynx
; During swallowing, the false vocal cords and
epiglottis close off
the glottis,
to prevent food from entering the larynx
Trachea
: cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity; Inner wall is lined with
ciliated mucous membrane
with many
goblet cells
;Wall is supported by 20 incomplete
(C-shaped) cartilaginous
rings
that keep the airway open
bronchial tree:
consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways;leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the
lungs called
alveoli
Primary bronchi
: first branches of the bronical tree; branch directly off the trachea; each leads to lungs
Secondary bronchi:
branches to the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Tertiary bronchi:
branches of the lobar bronchi;each enters a segment of a lung
Bronchioles
: smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
: branches off larger bronchioles; can perform gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
: branch off terminal bronchioles, contain alveoli
Alveolar ducts:
branch of respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar sacs:
branch off Avelar ducts; consists of air sacs alveoli
Lungs
: Separated medially by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage
Pleaura
Visceral pleura:
inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura:
outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Right lung has
3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior
), and Left has
2 lobes (superior and inferior)
Respiratory volumes and capacity
spirometery:
study of various air volumes that move into and out of the lungs due to different degrees of effort
4 distinct respiratory volume
Tidal volume(TV):
volume of the air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle, average is 500mL
Inspiratory reserve volume(IRV)
: volume of the air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume; during forced inspiration, average 3000mL
Expiratory reserve volume(ERV):
volume of the air that can be exhaled during maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume average is 1200mL
Residual volume (RV):
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is 1200mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory Capacities
Inspitory capacity(IC):
volume of the air that can be inhaled after a normal,resting expiration;
IRV+ TV(3,500ml)
Functional residue capacity (FRC): volume of