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Respiatory System Genesees Hernandez P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiatory System
Genesees Hernandez
P.5
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
Organs of upper respiratory tract:
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Nose:
Nostrils provide openings for entrances and exits of air
Nostrils contain coarse hairs that prevent entry of particles
Supported by bone and cartialige
Lower Respiratory Structures and Functions
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Pneumonia:
Bacterial or Viral infection of the lungs
Symptoms:
Fever
Shortness of breath
Chills
Chest pain
Fatigue
Tachycardia
Diarrhea
Nausea
Cough with mucous
Treatment Options:
Over-counter medicine
Antibiotics
Oxygen therapy
Causes or Risk Factors:
Bacterial infection
Viral infection
Aspiration
Exposure to infected individual
Impaired immune system
Fun Fact:
In 2008 child deaths caused by pneumonia were 1 in 5 in 8.8 million.
Lung Cancer:
Uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in lungs
Symptoms:
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Blood in septum
Chronic infections
Persistent cough
Fatigue
Weight loss
Treatment Options:
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgical removal
Targeted therapy
Causes or Risk Factors;
Smoking (90%) of cases
Second-hand smoke
Random gas
Genetics
Air pollution
Asbestos exposure
Fun Fact:
The south-east region of the U.S. is where the most cases of lung cancer is found.
Tuberculosis:
-Bacterial infection in Respiratory System caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Causes or Risk Factors:
Contagious if inhaled
Weakened immune system
Care/ live with TB patients
Drug & alcohol abuse
Symptoms:
Latent TB-Asymptomatic
Cough with thick mucus
Fever and fatigue
Tachycardia
Chest pain
Swollen Lymph nodes
Treatment Options:
Long-term antibiotics
Surgery
Medication
Fun Fact:
Azerbaijan has the highest MDR-TB cases by having 22% of cases.
Seasonal Flu
Viral infection; many variations of this virus changes rapidly year to year which changes severity of symptoms
Symptoms:
Dry-cough
Fatigue
Congestion
Headache
Body ache
Chills
Fever
Nausea & vomiting
Treatment Options:
Early vaccination
Rest & hydration
Antiviral medication
Over-counter medicine
Causes or Risk Factors:
Inhaled in respitory droplets
Weakened immune system
Age
Occupation
Living conditions
Pregnancy
Chronic illness
Fun Fact:
In San Diego County there were 359 cases of H1N1 by 2009.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder):
Includes:
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Causes or Risk Factors:
Chemical fume exposure
Dust exposure
Tobacco Smoke
Age
Genetics
Air pollution
Asthmatic bronchitis
Symptoms:
Chronic cough
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Tight chest
Heart disease
Lung damage
Increased mucus
Treatment Options:
Smoking cessation
Medications
Bronchodilators
Antibiotics
Lung transplant
Lung reduction
Oxygen therapy
Fun fact:
The age and gender group that has the highest percentage of COPD sufferers is the age 75-84 with it being more common in women.
Volume and Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
Layers of the Pleurae
Internal Vs. External Respiration
Compare and Contrast the Mechanism of Inspiration and Expiration
Major Functions of Respiratory System
Main function:
Obtain oxygen from the atmosphere and to remove carbon dioxide from body cells
Made up tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air and then transport that air into gas exchange areas and then into microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
Other functions include:
Removes particles from incoming air
Regulates temperature and water content of the air
Provides vocal sounds
Aids in sense of smell
Regulates blood pH
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Spirometry:
Study of various air volumes that move into & out of the lungs due to different degrees of effort
One inspiration followed by expiration= respiratory cycle
Respiratory volumes = 4
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
Volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume, during forced inspiration
Average: ~3,000 mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
Volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume
Average: ~1,200 mL
Tidal Volume (TV):
Volume of air that enters or leaves lungs during one respiratory cycle
Average: ~500 mL
Residual Volume (RV):
Volume of air that remains in lung after a maximal expiration
Average: ~1,200 mL
Cannot be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory Capacities:
Combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes
Functional Residual Capacity ( FRC):
Volume of air that remains in lungs after resting expiration
ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Vital Capacity (VC):
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
TV + IRV + EV (~4,600 mL)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC):
Volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration
IRV + TV (~3, 500 mL)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC):
Total volume of air the lungs can hold
VC + RV (~5,800 mL)
Varies with age, gender, and body size
Anatomic dead space:
Volume of air remaining inside the bronchial tree that isn't involved in gas exchange