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Respiratory System Melissa Figuero Per 1 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Melissa Figuero Per 1
Major functions
supplies body with oxygen
moistens air to match body temp
rids body of gases such as carbon dioxide
helps produce vocal sounds
regulates blood pressure
internal and external respiration
Upper respiratory structures/functions
nose: only external part; airway for respiration; moistens/warms air entering; filters/cleans air; has olfactory receptors
paranasal sinuses: a ring around the nasal cavities; helps lighten skill; secretes mucus; moistens air
pharynx: connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
pharynx: connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
oropharynx- passageway for food and air
laryngopharynx- passageway for food and air
nasopharynx- air passageway only
nasal cavity: within and posterior to nose; lines with vibrissae; filters air; heats/moistens air
Lower respiratory structures/functions
larynx: voice box that attaches to hyoid bone; directs food and air into proper channels; provides airway; houses vocal folds that help with voice production
trachea: windpipe that goes from larynx into mediastinum; 4 inches long w a 3/4 inch diameter; very flexible; wall has 3 layers (mucosa/submucosa/adventitia)
bronchi and branches: separated into conducting zone structures and respiratory zone structures
conducting zone- trachea divides to form main/primary bronchi; then divides to form lobar/secondary bronchi; then divides to form segmental/tertiary bronchi
respiratory zone- begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory; leads into alveolar ducts and then into alveolar sacs
lungs: left and right divided into superior/inferior lobes; brings in oxygen and delivers it to bloodstream
diaphragm: dome-shaped muscle; contracts involuntarily during inhalation and pulls air into the lungs
Layers of the pleurae
thin doubled layer that divides thoracic cavity into 2
parietal pleura: membrane on thoracic wall/around heart/between lungs
visceral pleura: membrane on external lung surface
pleural fluid: provides lubrication that helps w expansion/recoil
Compare/contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
inspiration: passive process, diaphragm contracts; thoracic volume increases; lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary pressure decreases; rib cage is lifted; gases flow into lungs
expiration: muscles relax and lungs recoil; thoracic volume decreases; gasses exit lungs
forced expiration- active process
quiet expiration- passive process
Relationships in thoracic cavity
based on the principle of Boyle's Law, volume changes opposite to pressure; volume increases (as a result of contraction) and pressure decreases
Respiratory volumes/capacities
respiratory volumes
tidal volume: amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
inspiratory reserve volume: air forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume: air forcibly expelled beyond tidal volume
residual volume: amount of air that always remains in lungs
respiratory capacities
inspiratory capacity: TV + IRV
functional residual capacity: RV + ERV
vital capacity:TV + IRV + ERV
total lung capacity: TV + IRV+ ERV + RV
Internal vs. external respiration
external respiration: known as pulmonary gas exchange; the diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
venous blood- Po2=40 mm Hg
alveolar blood- Po2=104 mm Hg
internal respiration: diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
Disorders
tonsillitis: breathing through mouth because of swollen/infected tonsils that can block air passageway
atelectasis: lung collapsing due to plugged bronchioles
bronchitis: inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes
emphysema: air sacs of the lungs are damaged/enlarged
laryngitis: inflammation of the vocal folds that causes changes in vocal tone/hoarseness
pleural effusion: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
pleurisy: inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia
pneumonia: infection where air sacs fill w pus/other liquid