Respiratory System
Iara Garro
Period One
Respiratory System Major Function
Respiratory System Upper Structures/ Functions: nose, nasal cavity, paransal sinuses, pharanyx
Pleurae Layers
Compare/ Contrast Mechansism
Volume/ Pressure Relationships; Thoracic Cavity
Respiratory System Lower Structures/ Functions: Larynx, trachea, bronchi/branches, lungs/ alveoli, diaphragm
Expiratory
Inspiratory
Respiratory Volumes/ Capacities
Interbal vs External Respiration
Respiratory System Disorders
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Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection in respiratory system; caused by weak immune system, drug abuse, and areas common w TB; symtposm= chest pain, tachycardia and shortness of breath; Treatment: Srugery, medication, long term antibiotics
Seasonal Flu: viral infection; changes severity based on seasons; caused by pregnancy, age, and occupations; Symptoms: dry cough, fever, chills; Treatment: rest/ hydration,early vaccination, antiviral mediation
Lung Cancer: tumor developed as a result of uncontrolled cell growth; caused: smoking, genetics, and second-hand smoke; Symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, ad chest pain; Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy
Pneumonia: viral/ bacterial lung infection; caused by viral infections, impaired immune system, and aspirations; Symptoms: fever, chills, chest pain; Treated: oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and overe the counter meds
COPD: Chronic bronchitis: caused by age, tobacco smoke, dust exposure; Symptoms: Wheezing, tight chest, lung damage; Treated w/: lung transplant/ medication or cessation of smoking
Major Functions= 2: 1) give body oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide, which is cellular respiration; 2) olfaction/speech
intrapulmonary pressure: pressure in alveoli (intro-alveolar); different w breathing and equalizes w/ P atm
transpulmonary pressure: Ppul- Pip; pressre keeps lung space open stops lungs from collapsing
atmospheric pressure: P atm ejected by air around body; 760 mm Hg sea level= 1 atomosphere
visceral pleurae: external lung membrane
parietal pleurae: membrane on thoracic wall; around heart, between lungs; superior face of diaphragm
Pleurae: thin, double-layered; thoracic cavoity divdes into 2 pleural compartments, 1 mediastinum
pleural fluid: fills space in cavity between 2 pleurae
Function: Respiratory and conducting
Respiratory zone: gas exchange site; has microscopic resp. bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Conducting zone: conducts transport gas to/from gas exchange sites used; creates warm, clean, humid air; has every other resp. structure
Specific structures
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bronchi: air passages: 23 orders of branching known as brocnhial trees; conducting zone structures rises to respiratory zone structures
Trachea: windpipe; goes from larynx to mediastinum; divides into right and left bronchi
Lungs: all thoracic cavity EXCEPT mediastinum
Larynx: voice box in 3-6 cervical vertebrae, where hyoid bone is; Function: 3
2) air food tranported to proper channels;
3) voice produced to vocal folds
1) patent airway
9 hylaine cartilages: 1) thyroid cartilage shaped like open book; spine= adam's apple
cricoid cartilages: ring shaped; paired arteroid cartilages, coneltorm cartilages, and corniculate cartilages
Walls: mucosa, submucosa, adventia
submucosa: connerve w seromucous glands; functions: produce mucus sheets in trachea; 16-20 cartilage rings, which stands up trachea
adventia: outermost layer made of connective tissue
mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified w/ goblet cells
CZS: left/ right primary bronchi divided; right: wider, shorter, verticaler
bronchi entering to branches: enter through hilum of one lung, branching to lobar (2nd) bronchi; 3 right 2 left branches
lobar branches: supply one lobe; branch into segmential (3rd) bronchi; divided repeatedly into smaller branches; bronchies >1mm diameter, terminal branches: smallest >0.5 mm diameter
bronchI: respiratory zone structures: respiratory zone to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs
alveolar sacas: alveoli clusters 300 ML of lung volume; ACTUAL GAS EXCHANGE SITE
respiratory membrane: blood and air barrier; alveolar/ capillary walls with fused basement membrane (simple diffusion)
tilum: mediastinal surface; entry/exit of blood vessels, brinchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves
Left lung: superior/ inferior lobes divided by OBLIQUE fissure; smaller than right w cardiac notch: concavity for heart to fit into
apex/ base: apex= superior on clavicle, base: inferior on diaphragm
Right lung: superior, middle, inferior lobes; HORIZONTAL fissure separates superior/middle lobes; OBLIQUE fissure divides middle/ inferior lobes
root: vascular/ bronchial attachment to mediastinum; costal surface: anterior/ lateral/ posterior surface
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nasal conchae: mucous projectors: medially from nasal cavity wall; functions: filters, heats, moistens air
paranasal sinuses: ring around nasal cavities: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bone; Functions: 1) lighten skulls 2) secrete mucus 3) warm/ moistens air
Nose: functions (5): 1) airway for respiration 2) moistens incoming air 3) filters incoming air 4) resonating speech chamber 5) houses olfactory receptor
external nose: 1st division: root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex; nostrils: by alae
2nd division: nasal cavity within posterior to external nose; midline nasal septum; nasal vestibule ( cavity) superior to nostrils; nasal vestibule: vibrisae: hair filters particules, mucous membranes made of ciliated cells; contaminated mucus goes to throat
pharanyx: 3 regions: nasopharanyx, 2) oropharanyx, 3) laryngopharanyx
nasopharanyx: ONLY air passageway behund nasal cavity; phrarngeal tonsils on posterior wall
oropharanyx: food/ air passageway from soft palatte to epiglottis; palatine tonsils on lateral wall of fauces; Lingual tonsils: posterior surface of tongue
laryngopharanyx: food/ air passageway posteriuor to upper right epiglottis; larynx continues to esophagus
interpleural pressure: Pip= in pleural cavity changes with breathing; always negative <P atm and <Ppul
prevention of lung collapse: 2 forces
lungs return to recoil due to elasticity
surface tension of alveolar fluid: pulls on alveoli tension; tries to reduce it
External respiration: passive: inspiratory muscles= relaxation, thoracic volume decreases and lungs recoil
Internal respiration involves inspiratory muscles (diaphragm/external intercostals)
diaphragm action: diaphragm contracts; moves/ flattens out; thoracic volume increases
intercostal muscles action: external intercostals contract; rib cage goes up and out, outward/ upward; thoracic volume increase
volume increase/ decrease: increase Ppul> Patm; air flows out of lungs to presssure gradient, pressure in alveoli= atmospheric pressure
decrease: intrapulomnary pressure: ^pul
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): RV+ ERV sum; air in lungs after normal tidal expiration
Vital capacity (VC): TV+ IRV+ ERV; maximum air expired after maximum inspiration
2+ resp. volume combination: Inspiratory capacity (IC): TV+IRV; max air inspired after normal expiration
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): all lung volume sum; (TV+IRV+ERV+RV); 6000 ml male 4200 ml female amount of air inside after maximum effort
Gas diffisin between blood and lungs
gas diffusion between blood and tissues
Comparison: basic properties of gases, alveolar gas composition
exchnage of O2 CO2 across respiratory membranes
O2 presure gradient between blood/lungs; venous blood Po2 40 mmHg alveolar Po2 104mm Hg; O2 flow to blood; equillibrium in 25 seconds; RBC in 75 seconds start to end of pulmonary capillary. Enough O2 even if blood flow 3x
capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Respiratory volumes:
inspiratory volume: amount of air able to be forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume 3100 ml male 1900 ml female
Expiratory Reserve Volume: ERV: air amount forcibly expelled from lungs; 1200ml male 700ml female
Residual volume: amount of air always in lungs to keep alveoli open; 1200ml male 1100ml female
tidal volume: amount of air inhaled/exhaled with normal resting breaths; 500ml male and female