Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Respiratory System Iara Garro Period One - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System
Iara Garro
Period One
Respiratory System Major Function
Major Functions= 2: 1) give body oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide, which is cellular respiration; 2) olfaction/speech
Respiratory System Upper Structures/ Functions: nose, nasal cavity, paransal sinuses, pharanyx
nasal conchae: mucous projectors: medially from nasal cavity wall; functions: filters, heats, moistens air
paranasal sinuses: ring around nasal cavities: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bone; Functions: 1) lighten skulls 2) secrete mucus 3) warm/ moistens air
Nose: functions (5): 1) airway for respiration 2) moistens incoming air 3) filters incoming air 4) resonating speech chamber 5) houses olfactory receptor
external nose: 1st division: root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex; nostrils: by alae
2nd division: nasal cavity within posterior to external nose; midline nasal septum; nasal vestibule ( cavity) superior to nostrils; nasal vestibule: vibrisae: hair filters particules, mucous membranes made of ciliated cells; contaminated mucus goes to throat
pharanyx: 3 regions: nasopharanyx, 2) oropharanyx, 3) laryngopharanyx
nasopharanyx: ONLY air passageway behund nasal cavity; phrarngeal tonsils on posterior wall
oropharanyx: food/ air passageway from soft palatte to epiglottis; palatine tonsils on lateral wall of fauces; Lingual tonsils: posterior surface of tongue
laryngopharanyx: food/ air passageway posteriuor to upper right epiglottis; larynx continues to esophagus
Pleurae Layers
visceral pleurae: external lung membrane
parietal pleurae: membrane on thoracic wall; around heart, between lungs; superior face of diaphragm
Pleurae: thin, double-layered; thoracic cavoity divdes into 2 pleural compartments, 1 mediastinum
pleural fluid: fills space in cavity between 2 pleurae
Compare/ Contrast Mechansism
Expiratory
Gas diffisin between blood and lungs
exchnage of O2 CO2 across respiratory membranes
O2 presure gradient between blood/lungs; venous blood Po2 40 mmHg alveolar Po2 104mm Hg; O2 flow to blood; equillibrium in 25 seconds; RBC in 75 seconds start to end of pulmonary capillary. Enough O2 even if blood flow 3x
Inspiratory
gas diffusion between blood and tissues
capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Comparison: basic properties of gases, alveolar gas composition
Volume/ Pressure Relationships; Thoracic Cavity
intrapulmonary pressure: pressure in alveoli (intro-alveolar); different w breathing and equalizes w/ P atm
transpulmonary pressure: Ppul- Pip; pressre keeps lung space open stops lungs from collapsing
atmospheric pressure: P atm ejected by air around body; 760 mm Hg sea level= 1 atomosphere
interpleural pressure: Pip= in pleural cavity changes with breathing; always negative <P atm and <Ppul
prevention of lung collapse: 2 forces
lungs return to recoil due to elasticity
surface tension of alveolar fluid: pulls on alveoli tension; tries to reduce it
Respiratory System Lower Structures/ Functions: Larynx, trachea, bronchi/branches, lungs/ alveoli, diaphragm
Function: Respiratory and conducting
Respiratory zone: gas exchange site; has microscopic resp. bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Conducting zone: conducts transport gas to/from gas exchange sites used; creates warm, clean, humid air; has every other resp. structure
Specific structures
bronchi: air passages: 23 orders of branching known as brocnhial trees; conducting zone structures rises to respiratory zone structures
CZS: left/ right primary bronchi divided; right: wider, shorter, verticaler
bronchi entering to branches: enter through hilum of one lung, branching to lobar (2nd) bronchi; 3 right 2 left branches
lobar branches: supply one lobe; branch into segmential (3rd) bronchi; divided repeatedly into smaller branches; bronchies >1mm diameter, terminal branches: smallest >0.5 mm diameter
Trachea: windpipe; goes from larynx to mediastinum; divides into right and left bronchi
Walls: mucosa, submucosa, adventia
submucosa: connerve w seromucous glands; functions: produce mucus sheets in trachea; 16-20 cartilage rings, which stands up trachea
adventia: outermost layer made of connective tissue
mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified w/ goblet cells
Lungs: all thoracic cavity EXCEPT mediastinum
tilum: mediastinal surface; entry/exit of blood vessels, brinchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves
Left lung: superior/ inferior lobes divided by OBLIQUE fissure; smaller than right w cardiac notch: concavity for heart to fit into
apex/ base: apex= superior on clavicle, base: inferior on diaphragm
Right lung: superior, middle, inferior lobes; HORIZONTAL fissure separates superior/middle lobes; OBLIQUE fissure divides middle/ inferior lobes
root: vascular/ bronchial attachment to mediastinum; costal surface: anterior/ lateral/ posterior surface
Larynx: voice box in 3-6 cervical vertebrae, where hyoid bone is; Function: 3
2) air food tranported to proper channels;
3) voice produced to vocal folds
1) patent airway
9 hylaine cartilages: 1) thyroid cartilage shaped like open book; spine= adam's apple
cricoid cartilages: ring shaped; paired arteroid cartilages, coneltorm cartilages, and corniculate cartilages
bronchI: respiratory zone structures: respiratory zone to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs
alveolar sacas: alveoli clusters 300 ML of lung volume; ACTUAL GAS EXCHANGE SITE
respiratory membrane: blood and air barrier; alveolar/ capillary walls with fused basement membrane (simple diffusion)
Respiratory Volumes/ Capacities
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): RV+ ERV sum; air in lungs after normal tidal expiration
Vital capacity (VC): TV+ IRV+ ERV; maximum air expired after maximum inspiration
2+ resp. volume combination: Inspiratory capacity (IC): TV+IRV; max air inspired after normal expiration
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): all lung volume sum; (TV+IRV+ERV+RV); 6000 ml male 4200 ml female amount of air inside after maximum effort
Respiratory volumes:
inspiratory volume: amount of air able to be forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume 3100 ml male 1900 ml female
Expiratory Reserve Volume: ERV: air amount forcibly expelled from lungs; 1200ml male 700ml female
Residual volume: amount of air always in lungs to keep alveoli open; 1200ml male 1100ml female
tidal volume: amount of air inhaled/exhaled with normal resting breaths; 500ml male and female
Interbal vs External Respiration
External respiration: passive: inspiratory muscles= relaxation, thoracic volume decreases and lungs recoil
volume increase/ decrease: increase Ppul> Patm; air flows out of lungs to presssure gradient, pressure in alveoli= atmospheric pressure
decrease: intrapulomnary pressure: ^pul
Internal respiration involves inspiratory muscles (diaphragm/external intercostals)
diaphragm action: diaphragm contracts; moves/ flattens out; thoracic volume increases
intercostal muscles action: external intercostals contract; rib cage goes up and out, outward/ upward; thoracic volume increase
Respiratory System Disorders
Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection in respiratory system; caused by weak immune system, drug abuse, and areas common w TB; symtposm= chest pain, tachycardia and shortness of breath; Treatment: Srugery, medication, long term antibiotics
Seasonal Flu: viral infection; changes severity based on seasons; caused by pregnancy, age, and occupations; Symptoms: dry cough, fever, chills; Treatment: rest/ hydration,early vaccination, antiviral mediation
Lung Cancer: tumor developed as a result of uncontrolled cell growth; caused: smoking, genetics, and second-hand smoke; Symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, ad chest pain; Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy
Pneumonia: viral/ bacterial lung infection; caused by viral infections, impaired immune system, and aspirations; Symptoms: fever, chills, chest pain; Treated: oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and overe the counter meds
COPD: Chronic bronchitis: caused by age, tobacco smoke, dust exposure; Symptoms: Wheezing, tight chest, lung damage; Treated w/: lung transplant/ medication or cessation of smoking