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Respiratory System McKenzie Nazionale Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System
McKenzie Nazionale
Period 1
Major functions of the Respiratory System
Supply body with oxygen for cellular respiration
dispose of carbon dioxide
functions with circulatory system closely
functions in olfaction and speech
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
nose and nasal cavity
only external part of respiratory system
provides an airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
serves as resonating chamber for speech
houses olfactory receptors
2 regions
external nose: root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
nasal cavity: found within and posterior to external nose
divided by midline (nasal septum)
nasal vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils; lined with vibrissae
nasal conchae: increases mucosal area, enhances air turbulance; filters, heats, and moistens air
paranasal sinuses
form ring around nasal cavities
located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
functions to lighten skull, secrete mucus, and help warm and moisten air
pharynx
connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
3 regions
nasopharynx
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
pharyngeal tonsils locatedon posterior wall
oropharynx
passage way for food and air from level of sof palate to epiglottis
palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces
lingual tonsil located on posterior surface on tongue
laryngopharynx
passageway for food and air
posterior to upright epiglottis
extends to larynx, where it continues with esophagus
Lower Respiratory Structures and Functions
larynx
voice box; extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attatches to hyoid bone
functions to provide patent airway, routes air and food into proper channels, and voice production
trachea
windpipe; extends from larynx to mediastinum dividing into 2 main bronchi
wall has 3 layers
mucosa: ciliated pseudostratisfied epithelium with goblet cells
submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce mucus "sheets" with trachea
adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue
bronchi and branches
air passages undergo 23 orders of branching (bronchial tree)
conducting zone structures
trachea divides into right and left main bronchi
each main bronchus branches into lobar bronchi
each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
each lobar bronchus branches into segmental bronchi
branches become smaller and smaller
respiratory zone structures
begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles and lead to alveolar ducts and into alveolar sacs
respiratory membrane: blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes
lungs and alveoli
Gross anatomy
root: site of vascular and bronchial attatchment to mediastinum
sotal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
apex: superior tip, deep to clavicle
base: inferior surface resting on diaphragm
hilum: found on mediastinal surface, site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerve
left lung: separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure; smaller than right lung
right lung: separated into superior, (horizontal fissure) middle, (oblique fissure)and inferior lobes
diaphragm
dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, moves inferiorly and flattens (thoracic volume)
Layers of the Pleurae
thin, double-layerd serosal membrane that divides thoracic into 2 pleural compartments and mediastiunum
parietal pleurae: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
visceral pluerae: membrane on external lung surface
pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between 2 pleurae
Compare and Contrast the Mechanism of Inspiration and Expiration
inspiration: gases flow into lungs
active process involving inspiratory muscles
thoracic cavity increases, lungs stretch as pulled out with thoracic cage
during the same period, Pip lowers <Patm
forced (deep) inspirations occur during vigorous exercise or with COPD
accessory muscles activated
expiration: gases exit lungs
quiet expiration normally is passive process
forced expiration is active process using oblique and transverse abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscle
nonrespiratory air movements
Volume and Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
atmospheric pressure (Patm): pressure exerted by air surrounding the body; 760mm Hg @ sea level=1 atmosphere
intrapulmonary pressure (Ppui): pressure in alveoli; fluctuates with breathing; always eventually equalizes with Patm
transpulmonary pressure (Ppui-Pip): pressure keeping lung space open
intrapleural pressure (Pip): pressure in pleural cavity; fluctuates with breathing; always negative pressure (<Patm and <Ppui); 2 inward forces preventing lung collapse - lung natural tendency to recoil and surface tension of alveolar fluid
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
volumes
expiratory reserve volume (ERV): air forcibly expelled from lungs
tidal volume (TV): air moved in and out of lung each breath
inspiratory reserve volume (TRV): air inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume
residual volume (RV): air always remaining in lungs and keeps alveoli open
capacities
inspiratory capacity (IC): sum of TV+IRV
functional residual capacity (FRC): sum of RV+ERV
vital capacity (VC): sum of TV+IRV+ERV
total lung capacity (TLC): sum of all lung volumes (TV+IRV+ERV+RV)
Internal vs. External Respiration
respiratory system
external respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood
circulatory system
internal respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Disorders of the Respiratory System
tonsillitis: infected and swollen tonsils block nosophraynx
laryngitis: inflammation of vocal folds causing vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations
smoking: inhibits and destroys cilia causing smoker's cough
tracheal obstruction: Heimlich maneuver expels obstruction
pleurisy: inflammation of pleurae that results in pneumonia
atelectasis: lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles and ausing alveoli collapse or pneumothorax