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Respiratory System Concept Map: Emily Hernandez Period One - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Concept Map: Emily Hernandez Period One
Major functions of the respiratory system
Supply the body is O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration. Respiratory and circulatory system are closely coupled. If either system fails, body's cells die from oxygen starvation. Also functions in olfaction and speech.
Internal vs. external respiration
External respirations occurs as part of the respiratory system and is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood.
Internal respiration occurs as a part of the circulatory system and is the exchange pf o2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues.
Compare and contrast the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration: Gases flows into lungs.
Inspiratoria muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises > Thoratic cavity volume increases> Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases> Intrapulmonary pressure drops to -1mm Hg)> Air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary presusure is ) equal to atmospheric pressure
Expiration: Gas exits the lungs
Inspiratoriy muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages> Thoracic cavity volume decreases> Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases> Intrapulmonary pressure rises to + 1 mm hg> air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0.
Layers of the pleurae
The pleurae is a thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides thoractic cavity into two plueral compartments and mediastinum. Pleural fluid fills the slit like cavity between the two pleaurae. It provided lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
membrane on thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, around heart and between lungs
Visceral pleurae: membrane on external lung surface
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Laryngitis: inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the folds to swell, interfering with vibrations. This results in a change to vocal tone causing horsness and speaking can be reduced to a whimper. It is most often caused by viral infections.
Smoking inhibits and ultimatley destroyes the cillia. W/out cillary activity, coughing is only way to prevent mucous accumulating in the lungs. When a person stops smoking, ciliary fucntion is usually restored within a few weeks, the morning "Smoker's cough" will subside once cillary function is restored.
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening: many people have suffocated after a piece of food suddenly closed off their trachea. The heimlich manuever can be used then and it is a procedure in which air in the victims lungs is used to expel the obstructing piece of food. This manuver is simple to do and easy to learn but is best learned by demonstration, when done incorrectly it may lead to cracked ribs.
Pleurisy: Inflammation of pleurae that is often the result of pneumonia. Inflamed pleurae can become rough which results in friction and stabbing pain with each breath. The Pleurae may produce excessive amounts of fluid which may excert pressure on the lungs and thus hinder breathing. There are also other fluids that can accumulate in the pleurae cavity such as blood and blood filtarte. Pleural effusion: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity.
Infected and swollen tonsils can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth (tonsilitis). As a result, air is not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching lungs. Whne they are chronically enlarged, both speech and sleep may be disturbed. SUrgery may be need to remove it (tonsillectomy).
Atelectasis : Lung collapse due to: Plugged bronchioles which cause collapse of alveoli or Pneumothorax which is air in the pleural cavity. Can occur from either wound in parietal pleura or rupture of visceral pleura, treated by removing air with chest tubes. When pleurae heal, lung reinflates
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul ) : Pressure in alveoli. Also called intro-alveolar pressure. Fluctuates with breathing. Always eventually equalizes with Patm
Transpulmonary pressure= (Ppul-Pip) Pressure that keeps lung spaces open. Keeps lungs from collapsing.
Atmaspheric pressure (Patm): Pressure excreted by air surrounding the body. 760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Intrapleural pressure (Pip): Pressiure in pleural cavity, fluctuates with breathing, Always a negative pressure (<Patm and <Ppul) Two inward forces promote lung collapse. Lungs natural tendency to recoil. Because of elastic you, lungs always. Try to assume smallest size. Surface tension of alveolar. Fluid . Surface tension pulls on alveoli to try to reduce alveolar size. One outward tens to enlareg3 lungs. Elasticity of chest wall pulls thorax outward. Negative Pip is affected by these opposing forces but is maintained by strong adhesive force between parietal and visceral pleurae.
Upper respiratory structures and functions
The upper respiratory system consists of the nose and nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx.
The nose (external nose and nasal cavity): Jutting external portion is supported by bone and cartilage. Internal nasal cavity is divided by midline nasal septum and lined with mucosa. Roof of nasal cavity contains olfactory epithelium. It functions in producing mucus which filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber of speech. Also has receptors for sense of smell.
The Paranasal sinuses: Mucosa-lined, air filled cavities in cranila bones surrounding nsal cavity. It functions in lightening skull; may also warm, moisten, and filter incoming air.
The Pharyx: Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus. Three subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Houses tonsils (lymphoid tissue masses involved in protection against pathogens). It functions in facilitating expose of immune system to inhaled antigens.
Lower respiratory structures and functions
The lower respiratory system consists of the Larnyx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, and sometimes the Diaphragm
The Trachea: Also known as the windpipe. Extends from larnyx into mediastinum where it branches off into two main bronchi. It is about 4 inches long and about 3/4 inches in width and is very flexible. The wall is composed of three layers. The mucosa layer is made up of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium cells with goblet cells. The submucosa layer is composed of connective tissue with seromucos glands that help produce the mucous "sheets" within the trachea. It is supported by 20-60 c shaped cartilage rings that prevent the collapse of the trachea. The Adventita layer is the outermost layer made up of connective tissue. The Carnia is the last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at the point where the trachea branches off into two main bronchi.
The the bronchi and it's subdivisions, air passages undergo 23 orders of branching. This branching is refered to as the bronchial tree. From the tips of the bronchial zone the conducting zone structures give way to respiratory zone structures. When the trachea divides it divides into two main bronchi, the right and the left primary one. Each main bronchus enters hilumm of the lung. The branches become smaller and smaller. The respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles which lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs. These alveolar sacs lead into clusters of alveoli and this is where gas exchange actually occurs. The lungs occupy all of the thoractic cavity except for the mediastinum.
The Larnyx: The larnyx is also known as the voice box and attaches to hyoid bone. It opens into laryngopharynx and is continous with trachea. The three functions of the Larnyx are to provide patent airway, route air and food into proper channels and also fucntions in voice production as it houses the vocal folds.