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Tsarist Rule in Russia, 1905-1914, FIRST DUMA: April to July 1906, SECOND…
Tsarist Rule in Russia, 1905-1914
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Reasons for discontent
PEASANTS: desperate poverty, overtaxed, needed more land. 85% of population, famines in 1890 and 1901 killed thousands, people were shocked at how government handled it and the word 'Famine' was banned from newspapers
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS: low pay, bad conditions. Number of workers was small, conditions were dangerous, hours were long, dirty barracks spread disease.
MIDDLE CLASSES: no say in how Russia was governed. Most people were liberals - wanted change in Russia but were frightened of the radical revolutionary groups who wanted to share property with the poor. They wanted the Tsarist regime replaced with a constitution guaranteeing rights for all.
NON-RUSSIANS: wanted to be free from Russian oppression. Wanted independence but the empire put Russia first in everything. The empire had a policy of 'Russification' where people would have to learn Russian and adopt Russian culture - supported by the peasants.
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1905 Revolution
PEASANT RIOTS - rioted against their landlords where they burnt down their houses (3000 were burnt down between 1905 and 1907). set up communes by taking the land their parents had worked as serfs.
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS - tried to take control through strikes and more than 400,000 workers went on strike in 1905 alone.
The general strike was organised on 20 September - 2 October. Workers from railways joined the strike so transport of important resources, information and people Russia was not able to function. It linked the industrial workers and middle classes as they both wanted political reform and freedom from oppression.
St Petersburg Soviet
Was set up in October in 1905 by workers to help organise general strikes in the city. The government shut it down in December - after it had formed the general strike had already began.
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October manifesto
More strikes led to ministers advising Nicholas to make concessions - they did not approve of the violence and opposition but needed to restore order.
October manifesto was published on 17 October 1905 and included : civil rights for the people, freedom of speech, freedom of religion and the right to form political parties and trade unions. A parliament (duma) with representitives elected in a general election where they would pass new laws and supervise government actions.
It helped the middle class and the general strike was called off. However this did not help the conditions of the workers or peasants.
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