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Respiratory System- Brianna Mayorga p.6 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System- Brianna Mayorga p.6
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Pulmonary Ventilation : basically breathing, movement of air into and out of the lungs
External respiration : the exchange of CO2 and O2 from the lungs
Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
Internal respiration : exchange of CO2 and O2 between systemic blood vessels and tissue
Upper Respiratory Structures & Functions
Nose : only exterior portion of respiratory system (functions: provides an airway for respiration, filters & cleans are inspired and divides into 2 regions: nasal cavity & external nose
Nasal cavity : within and posterior to external nose and is divided by the midline called "nasal septum"
Nasal vestibule: the nasal cavity superior to nostrils; lined with vibrissae or hair and the rest is lined with mucous membranes
Nasal conchae: a scroll-like mucosa projection that is in the middle of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; this functions to filter, heat and moisten the air going through
External nose : areas included- root, bridge, apex and the anterior margin as well as the nostrils which is bounded laterally by the alae
Paranasal sinuses: forms a ring around the nasal cavities and is located in the frontal bone, sphenoid, and ethmoid; this functions in secreting mucous and moistening the air
The Pharynx (3 regions) : a funnel-shaped tube that runs from the base of the skull to the vertebra C6 and is composed of skeletal muscle
Nasopharynx: only air passageway which is posterior to the nasal cavity; pharygeal tonsils on posterior wall
Orophayrnx : food and air passageway from soft palate to epiglottis; palatine tonsils in lateral walls of fauces; lingual tonsil located on posterior tongue
Laryngopharynx: food and air passageway; extends to larynx and continues to esophagus
Lower Respiratory Structures & Functions
Larynx (voice box): extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and is attached to the hyoid bone; functions to provide patent airway, routing air and food to proper channels, and voice production (consists of 9 hyaline cartilages except for the epiglottis which is elastic cartilage)
Trachea: extends from the larynx to the mediastinum where it divide into the 2 bronchi; composed of 3 layers ( mucosa, submucosa, adventitia); the carina is the last tracheal cartilage in which the branches of the trachea divides into the 2 bronchi
Bronchi : air passages that undergoes 23 orders of branching(bronchial tree), the tips of the bronchial tree leads to conducting & respiratory zones
2 zones ( Respiratory & Conducting zones)
Respiratory zone: site of exchange, consists of microscopic structures
Conducting zone: conducts transport of gas to and from gas exchange sites; includes other respiratory structures and cleanses air
Layers of the Pleurae
Pleurae: a thin, double-layered serosal membranes that divides into the thoracic cavity and into the pleural compartments
Parietal pleurae : membrane on the thoracic wall, between the lungs and around the heart, located on the superior face of the diaphragm
Visceral pleura : membrane on external of the lung surface
Pleural fluid: fluid that fills the pleural cavity between 2 pleurae
Compare & Contrast the Mechanism of Inspiration & Expiration
Inspiration : gases flowing into the lungs; active process involving inspiratory muscles; when thoracic cavity volume increases the lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary pressure drops; involves the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Expiration : gases flowing out of the lungs; passive process; thoracic cavity volume decreases and lungs recoil; intrapulmonary pressure increases
Volume & Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
Atmospheric Pressure : pressure exerted by air surrounding the body; 760 mm Hg @ sea lvl
Intrapulmonary pressure : pressure in alveoli; fluctuates with breathing
Transpulmonary pressure : pressure that keeps lung spaces open which keeps lungs from collapsing
Respiratory Volumes & Capacities
Volumes
Tidal volume : amount of air moved in & out of lungs in each breath (500 mI)
Inspiratory reserve volume : amount of air inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 mI)
Expiratory reserve volume : amount of air forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200 mI)
Residual volume : amount of air always remaining in lungs which is needed to keep alveoli open
Capacities = sum of 2 or more volumes
Inspiratory cap. = TV + IRV
Functional residual cap. = RV + ERV
Vital cap. = TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung cap. = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Internal vs. External Respiration
Internal :diffusion of gases between blood & tissues; involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
External : diffusion of gases between blood & lungs; exchange of O2 & CO2 across respiratory membranes
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Tonsillitis: infected and swollen tonsils that can block passageway in nasopharynx; can be treated by removing the tonsils (tonsillectomy)
Laryngitis: inflammation of vocal folds which causes the vocal folds to swell leading to interference with vibrations; can cause speaking limitations
Pleurisy : inflammation of the pleurae that can lead to pneumonia; chronically=pleural effusion which is fluid accumulation
Atelectasis : lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles