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Jenesis Perez Per. 5 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Jenesis Perez Per. 5 Respiratory System
Major functions of the respiratory system
removes particles from
incoming air
regulates temperature and water content of the air
Consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air
provides vocal sounds
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide
from the body cells
regulates blood pH
helps in sense of smell
transport it into the gas exchange areas then to microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
Upper respiratory structures and functions
sinuses
Reduce weight of skull
Hollow spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid skull bones
pharynx
Passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for food moving from oral cavity to esophagus
Chamber behind nasal cavity, oral
cavity, and larynx
nasal cavity
Conducts air to pharynx
mucous lining filters,
warms, and moistens incoming air
Hollow space behind nose
nose
Nostrils provide entrance to nasal cavity
hair help filter the air from particles
centered above mouth and below between eyes
Lower respiratory structures and functions
bronchial tree
Tertiary bronchi
lobar branches
enters segment of the lung
Alveolar sacs
branch off alveolar ducts
Secondary bronchi
branches of the main branch
enters lobe in lung
Terminal bronchioles
branches off larger bronchioles
Primary bronchi
first branches
branch
directly off the trachea;
Respiratory bronchioles
branch off terminal bronchioles
contain alveoli
Conducts air from trachea to alveoli; mucous
lining continues to filter incoming air
Bronchioles
smaller tubular organs that branch off the
segmental bronchi
Branched tubes that lead from trachea
to alveoli
Alveolar ducts
branch off respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
lungs
Right lung has 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes
Right lung is larger than left lung
contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels,
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Soft, cone-shaped organs that occupy a
large portion of the thoracic cavity
trachea
passage for air
mucous lining continues to
filter particles from incoming air
Flexible tube that connects larynx with
bronchial tree
goblet cells traps incoming particles
Larynx
Passageway for air
prevents foreign objects from
entering trachea
Enlargement at top of trachea
houses vocal cords
Glottis
true vocal cords
Layers of the pleurae
Serous fluid
lubricates the pleural cavity
between the 2 layers
Parietal pleura
outer layer
lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura
inner layer
attached to the surface of each lung
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure
inside the lungs to decrease
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric
pressure
Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity
Maximal inspiration
contraction of several muscles to enlarge the thoracic cavity
As the lungs expand in size, a lipoprotein mixture called
surfactant keeps the alveoli inflated, preventing collapse
Expiration
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Normal Expiration
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg
air rushes out of the lungs
forced expiration
Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
inverse relationship
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease
Expiration
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
Inspiration
pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm
below atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it
force moves air into the lungs
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Residual volume (RV)
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
average is ~1,200 mL
cannot be measured with a spirometer
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
volume of air that can be inhaled after a
normal, resting expiration
IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
volume of air that can be exhaled during a
maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume
average is ~1,200 mL
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air that remains in
lungs after a resting expiration
ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
volume of air that can be inhaled in
addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration
average is ~3,000 mL
Vital capacity (VC)
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
after a maximal inspiration
TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Tidal volume (TV)
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle
average is ~500 mL
Total lung capacity (TLC)
total volume of air the lungs can hold
VC +RV (~5,800 mL)
varies with age, gender, body size
Spirometry
study of air volumes that move into and out of the lungs
due to different degrees of effort
Anatomic dead space
volume of air remaining in the bronchial
tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
Internal vs. external respiration
External respiration
gas exchange between lungs and blood
Internal respiration
gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Disorders of the respiratory system
Seasonal Flu
Symptoms
dry cough, congestion, fever
Treatment
Early vaccination, over the counter medication, rest and hydration
A viral infection with many variations and it changes rapidly each year with severity of symptoms
caused by weakened immune system, inhaled in respiratory, or age
Tuberculosis
Symptoms
fever and fatigue, tachycardia, cough with thick mucus
Treatment
Long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system
caused by contagious if inhaled, weakened immune system, drug and alcohol abuse
Lung Cancer
Symptoms
blood in septum, chronic infections, and persistent cough
Treatment
radiation, chemotherapy, surgical removal
caused by Air pollution, smoking, genetics
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in lungs
COPD
Symptoms
lung damage, tight chest, shortness of breath
Treatment
Medicating, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (bronchitis, asthma, emphysema)
caused by Asthmatic bronchitis, smoke/dust exposure, air pollution
Pneumonia
Symptoms
chest pain, cough with mucus, tachycardia
Treatment
over the counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
caused by bacterial or viral infection, aspiration, impaired immune system