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Respiratory System P.6 Rov Loren Aniceto - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System P.6
Rov Loren Aniceto
Functions of System
-Supply body with O2 for Cellular Respiration
-Dispose of CO2 & waster product of cell. resp.
-Respiratory & Circulatory system are closely coupled (If one fails, body cells die from lack of O2)
4 Processes
Respiratory
Pulmonary Ventricle(Breathing): movement of air in lungs
External Respiration: Exchange of O2 & CO2 w/ Lungs & Blood
Circulatory
Transport of O2 & CO2 in blood
Internal Respiration: exchange of O2 & CO2 w/ systemic Blood Vessels & Tissues
Layers of Pleurae
Visceral Pleurae: membrane on external lung surface
Parietal Pleurae: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart and between lungs
Pleurae: thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 2 pleural compartments & mediastinum
Pleural Fluid: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
provides lubrication & surface tension that assist in expansion & recoil of lungs
Upper/Lower Structures
Upper Respiratory system
Nose & Paranasal Sinuses
Nasal Conchae
Scroll-like, mucose-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
Shape of conchae; increase mucosal area & enhance turbulence
Functions:
-Filter
-Heat
-Moisten Air
Paranasal Sinuses(Form ring around nasal cavities)
Located: Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & maxillary bones
Function:
-Lighten skull
-Secrete Mucus
-Help to warm/moisten air
Nose(Only external structure of respiratory system)
Functions:
-Provide an airway for respiration
-Moistens & warms the entering air
-Filters & cleans inspired air
-Serve as resonating chamber for speech
-Houses olfactory receptors
2 Regions
External Nose: Root(area between eyebrows), dorsum nasi(anterior margin), & apex(tip of nose)
Nostrils(nares): bounded laterally by alae
Nasal Cavity(w/in & posterior to external nose)
Divided by nasal septum
Septum formed anteriorly by septal cartilage, and posteriorly by vomer bone & perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Nasal Vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils
line w/ vibrissae(hairs) taht filter coarse particles from inspired air
Rest of nasal cavity line w/ mucous membranes, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitehlium
Ciliated cells sweep contaminated mucus posteriorly towards throat
Pharynx(Composed of skeletal msucles)
Superior to Inferior
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces
Lingual tonsils located on posterior surface of tongue
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Posterior to upright epiglottis
Extends to larynx, continuous w/ epiglottis
Passageway for food & air
Nasopharynx
Air Passageway (only air) posterior to nasal cavity
Soft palate & uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsils(Adenoids) located on posterior wall
Funnel-shped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebrae C6
Connect(nasal cavity & mouth) -> to (larynx & esophagus)
Lower Respiratory System
2 zones
Respiratory Zone(Site of Exchange)
Consist of microscopic structure such as inspiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Circulatory Zone(Conduits that transport gas to & from gas exchange)
-Cleanse, warms, & humidify
-Include other respiratory structures
Structure
Trachea(windpipe):Extends from larynx into mediastinum
Divides 2 main bronchi, 4 inches longs, 3/4 inch in diameter, & very flexible
Wall consists of 3 layers
Internal(Top) to External(Bottom)
Submucosa: Connective tissue w/ seromucous gland that produced the mucus "sheets" w/in trachea, supported by (16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings) that prevent collapse of trachea
Adventitia: Outermost layer made of Connective Tissue
Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium w/ goblet cells
Carina: last tracheal cartilage that is expanded & found at point where trachea branches into 2 bronchi
Bronchi & Subdivisions
Bronchial Tree: Air passageway undergo 23 orders
Tips of tree: Conduct zone structures give rise to respiratory zone structures
Conducting Zone Structures
Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
Each main bronchus then branches into Lobar(secondary) bronchi
3 on right, 2 on left & each support 1 lobe
Trachea divides to form right & left main(primary) bronchi
Right main bronchi is wider, shorter, more vertical than left
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Segmental divide repeatedly
Branches become smaller & smaller: Bronchioles(less than 1mm in diameter)
Terminal bronchioles(smallest of all branches) -> less than 0.5 mm in diameter
Larynx
Epiglottis(covering)
-Covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing
-Covered in taste buds
-Contain Mucosa
Vocal folds
Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
Glottis: opening bewteen vocal folds
Vocal Ligaments: form core of vocal cords(line vocal cords)
Vestibular Folds(False vocal folds): not involved in sounds & helps glottis during swallowing
Consists of elastic cartilage(not hyaline)
Voice Production
Speech: intermittent release of expired air during opening & closing of glottis
Larynx(voice box):
-Extends from 3rd-6th cervical vertebrae & attaches to hyoid bone
-Opens into Laryngopharynx & continuos w/ trachea
Thyroid Cartilage: large, shield shaped cartilage(atom's apple)
Cricoid Cartilage:
-Ring shaped
Paired arylenoid cartilages(anchor vocal cords)
-Paired cuneiform cartilages
-Paired corniculate cartilages
Functions:
Provide patent airway
Routes air & food into proper channels
Voice Production(houses vocal fold)
Inspiration v. Expiration
Inspiration(Active process, inspiratory muscles:Diaphragm & external intercostals)
Intercostal muscles: when external muscles contract which lifts rib cage up and out increasing thoracic volume
As thoracic volume increase, intrapulmonary pressure begins to decrease
Diaphragm contracts/expand -> increase in thoracic volume
Breathing in air
There is a difference between Pip & Patm, air flows into lungs, until they even out
Expiration(Passive process, inspiratory muscles)
Volume decreases so intrapulumonary pressure increases
(Ppul>Patm) so air flows out of lungs until pressure evens out
Inspiratory muscles relax -> decrease in thoracic volume & lungs recoil
Respiratory Volume & Capacity
Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)
Air that can be taken in forcibly beyond tidal volume (~2100-3200 ml)
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)
Air that can be forced out from lungs (~1000-1200ml)
Tidal Volume(TV)
Amount of air moved in & out of lungs w/ each breath (~500 ml)
Residual Volume(RV)
Air that remain in lungs (~1200 ml)
Capacity(Combination of two or more volumes)
Functional Residual Capacity(FRC)
RV + ERV
Vital Capacity(VC)
TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory Capacity(IC)
TV + IRV
Total Lung Capacity(TLC)
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Disorders
Laryngitis
Changes in vocal tone -> hoarseness; speaking is limited to a whisper
Caused by infections or overuse of voice
Interference of vocal folds, causes it to swell, interfering w/ vibrations
Pleurisy
Inflammation of pleurae, due to pneumonia
Pleurae becomes rough, causing friction & stabbing pain
Pleurae may produce fluid, exert pressure on lungs, harder breathing
Pleural Effusion: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
Other fluids may enter
Blood: leaked from damaged blood vessels
Blood filtrate: watery fluid oozing from lung capillaries when left side of heart fails to to pump
Tonsilitis
Infected and swollen tonsils block air passageways in nasopharynx, have to breathe out mouth
air is not moistened, warm, or filtered
Atelectasis(lung collapse)
Plugged bronchioles(collapse of alveoli)
Pneumothorax(air in pleural cavity)
Wound in parietal pleurae/ rupture in visceral pleurae
Internal v. External Respiration
Internal(Diffusion of gases between blood & lungs)
Capillary gas exchange in body tissue
External(Diffusion of blood & tissues)
Pulmonary gas exchange of O2 & CO2 across respiratory membranes
Partial pressure gradient for O2 exists between blood & lungs
Venous blood: Po2=40mm Hg
Alveolar: Po2=104 mm Hg
Drives O2 flow into blood
Equilibrium is reacted across respiratory membrane in ~0.25s , but it takes RBCs ~0.75s to travel from start to end of pulmonary
Volume & Pressure Relationships
Boyle's Law: Relationship between pressure & volume are inverses
P1V1 = P2V2
If amount of gas is the same & container size is reduced, pressure increases