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Andy Rico P.6 Respiratory System , - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Respiratory System
Major functions of the respiratory system
Exchange gases
The respiratory system is in charge of introducing oxygen into the blood stream and receive carbon dioxide through gas exchanges that happen in the alveoli
Take in Oxygen
When the lungs goes through inspiration, the oxygen will come through the respiratory system
Get rid of waste
When the lungs goes through expiration it will take the Carbon Dioxide, a waste of the body out of the body
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Paranasal sinuses
Description: A paranasal sinus is a air filled cavity within the skull and also surrounds the nasal cavity and connected to it through small opening
Function
Secretes mucous
It lightens the skull
Helps to moisten and warm air
Pharynx
Description: A hollow tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and the esophagus to the oral cavity. The Pharynx is divided into three regions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharix
Function:
Provides for the passageway for both air and food
Nose and Nasal cavity
Nasal Cavity
Description: The nasal cavity is found within the nose, it is divided by a middle nasal septum as has a lining of mucous
Functions
Filters and heats the incoming air
Contains cells that are involved in smell
Nose
Description of the structure: The only external portion of the respiratory system, the nose is supported by bone and cartilage.
Functions
It will moisten and and warm the air that is entering
The nose can filter and clean the entering air
The nose provides an airway for respiration
It will serve as a sounding chamber for speech
Within the nose there is the olfactory receptors
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Bronchi and branches
Description: Structure consist of the left and right main bronchi that continue to branch off into different subdivisions such as the lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles
Function
Provides passage way for air
Connects the trachea with the alveoli
It will filter, warm and moisten the incoming air
Lungs and Alveoli
Lungs
Description: Organs that expand and contract depending in the input and output of air. There is two lungs in the thoracic cavity, the righter begin greater than the left due to the cardiac notch
Function
Houses the bronchioles
It houses the alveoli
It expands and contracts in order o bring air in and out
Alveoli
Description:Structure consider to be microscopic, and described as air sacs who walls are made out of simple squamous tissue for facilitated diffusion
Function
Site for gas exchange between the lungs and blood vessels
Moving Carbon dioxide outside of the body
Trachea (windpipe)
Description: Tube that begins right after the larynx and continues to move down the thoracic cavity until it divides into the bronchi. The walls of the bronchi are made of 3 layers, the mucous,Submucosa and Adventitia
Function
Moistens and warms the incoming air
Serves as a air passageway
Diaphragm
Description: A thin domed shaped skeletal muscle found in the base of the lungs that contracts and expands according the the input and output of the air, these movements begin involuntary
Function
Contract and flatted out in order to expand the thoracic cavity for the lungs to expand properly. The contraction will also create a vacuum which will pull the air in
When it relaxed it goes back to its dome shape and moves upward this way expelling out the air in the lungs
Larynx (voice box)
Description: Structure that connects the pharynx to the trachea, made out of multiple types of cartilage as well as dense connective tissue. In the Larynx there is a opening known as the glottis that can be closed by the epiglottis or the vocal folds
Function:
Serves as a passageway for air
It routes the air and food to the proper channels
Voice production
Layers of the pleurae
The pleurae is a thin double layer membrane that surround the specific structures in order to protect them, it also divides the thoracic cavity into two compartments. The two layers that make up the pleura are
Visceral pleura: Inner layer of the pleurae that covers the lungs , blood vessels, nerves and bronchi
Parietal pleura: The outer layer of the pleurae that is attached to the chest wall
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Similarities
Both inspiration and expiration are consider mechanics of breathing
They are both methods of Pulmonary Ventilation
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are present in both mechanical events
Differences
Inspiration is a active processes while expiration is a passive processes
During inspiration gases go into the body and in expiration gases go out of the body
In inspiration the diaphragm contracts and is pulled down as well as flattens while in expiration the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards back to its dome shape
In inspiration the thoracic cavity expands while in expiration it decreases it size
In inspiration the lungs also expand while in expiration they contract or recoil
In Inspiration the intapulmonary pressure decreases while in expiration the intrapulmonary pressure increases
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Pressure relationships
Transpulmonary Pressure (Ppul-Pip)
The transpulmonary pressure is the result of the difference between intrapulmonary pressure and the Intrapleural pressure. It is this pressure that keeps the lungs from collapsing as it is the pressure that keeps the lungs open
Intrapleural Pressure (Pip)
The Intrapleural Pressure refers to the pressure inside the pleural cavity. This pressure also changes according to a person breathing patterns, this pressure will always be less than the Patm and Ppul and negative
Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul)
The Intrapulmonary pressure is also known as the intra-alveolar pressure refers to the pressure found in the alveoli. This type of pressure will change according to the breathing patterns of a person and will eventually equalize to the Patm
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
The Atmospheric pressure refers to the pressure created by the air surrounding the body
The way in which volume relates to the pressures in thoracic cavity
As the volume of the structure increases the pressure begin applied will decrease
If the volume of the structure is decreasing the pressure in that structure will increase
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Capacities (Made out of a combination of one or more respiratory volumes)
Functional residual capacity (FRC): The sum of RV (Residual Volume)+ ERV (Expiratory reserve volume)
Vital capacity (VC): The sum of TV (Tidal Volume) + IRV (Inspiratory reserve volume)+ ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume)
Inspiratory capacity (IC): The combination of TV(Tidal Volume)+IRV (Inspiratory reserve volume)
Total Lung capacity (TLC): It is made of the sum of all the respiratory volumes RV(Residual Volume)+ TV (Tidal Volume)+ IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)+ ERV(Expiratory Reserve Volume)
Respiratory volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): The amount of air that can be inspired (breath in) beyond the normal amount (Tidal Volume)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
The amount of air you can expire ( breathe out) beyond the normal amount (Tidal Volume)
Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air that goes in and out of the ling during normal breaths
Residual volume (RV): The amount of air that will always be inside the lungs as it is needed to keep alveoli open
Internal vs. external respiration
Similarities
They are both the exchange of gases
They both happen within capillaries beds
They are both subject to basic gases properties and the composition of alveolar gases
Differences
External respiration occurs in the alveoli in the lungs
Internal respiration occurs between the blood vessels and body tissue
In internal respiration, the oxygen goes out of blood stream and carbon dioxide goes into the cells
In external respiration oxygen goes into the blood stream and carbon dioxide comes out to the lungs
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tonsillitis
Description: Happens when the tonsils becomes swollen to the point were it blocks the air passageway in the nasopharynx. This causes breathing as well as speech to be disturbed
Treatment: Surgery might be necessary to solve the problem, the surgery is called a tonsillectomy
Atelectasis
Description: When a lung collapse because of:
Cause:Or by Pneumothorax which refer to when there is air in the pleural
Cause: The brionchioles becomes plugged and does not allow for the passage of air to the alveoli which eventually collapse
Treatment: The Pneumothorax can be treated by removing the air with tubes
Laryngitis
Description: Occurs when the vocal folds begin to get inflamed and swollen this way interfering with the vibration of the voice
Symptoms: Changes in vocal tones, speaking is limited to a whisper
Causes: Laryngitis is caused by a viral infection as well as overuse of the voice, very dry air, bacterial infections, tumor in the vocal cord, and inhalation of chemicals
Pleurisy
Description: It is the inflammation of the pleurae that can lead to pneumonia. This occurs because the inflamed pleurae will become rough which causes friction that leads to pain when breathing
Causes:
Inflammation of the pleurae
Excessive amount of fluids that causes pressure on lungs
Fluids such as: Blood that leaked from damaged blood vessels or from lung capillaries
The excessive amount of fluids can cause a Pleural effusion