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Luther Leads The Reformation, His teachings became popular because it…

- - - - Pope Alexander VI admitted that he had several children. Many Popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have much time for spiritual duties.
      - The Lower clergy had problems as well.
        
        Many priests and monks were so poorly educated that they could barely read. If they couldn't read then they couldn't teach people. Many broke their priestly vows by marrying, gambling, and drinking.
  - - - This is Jan Hus
    - - The atmosphere in Europe was at extremely high risk for reform by the early 1500s.
        
        Independence- People slowly started to reform against the church. Not only did they start to have different opinions about the church but they also grew more independent. They grew more independent by going against the church and breaking most of the church's laws. Which took power away from the church.
- - - - He gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, and giving him money to rebulild the Cathedral that they could buy their way into heaven to get more money.
        
        Values and Beliefs Luther believed that buying or selling indulgences and Tetzel believed it was okay.
      - Why was Martin Luther unhappy with the sale of indulgences?
        
        Because it gave people the impression that you could just buy your way into heaven. Indulgence released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. So if they sinned they didn’t really have to work on themselves they just had to buy “indulgences” to become free of their sins which isn’t right.
    - - October 31, 1517, he posted on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invite other scholars to debate him.
        
        Luther's name and ideas soon were advertised to people and groups all over Germany
        
        What caused Luther’s ideas to spread throughout Germany?
        
        He posted the 95 theses on the door of the castle Church, then invited other scholars to come to debate him. Someone then copied Luther’s words and took them to a printer. Luther’s words were then printed and advertised to people and groups all around germany
      - CONFLICT This is a concept because when he posted this on the castle Church walls he was inviting them to battle with him.
      - What was on the theses' that Luther wrote
    - - It led to the founding of the Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority
  - - - The reform of Church
    - - All Church teachings should clearly be words out of the bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities.
      - All people with faith were equal. People did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
      - People could receive salvation by only faith in God. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation.
- - - - In 1509, Henry VIII became king of England and was devout Catholic.
        
        In 1521, Henry wrote a stinging attack on Luther's idea. In recognition of Henry's support, the pope gave him the title "Defender of the Faith". However, his political needs soon tested his religion loyalty.
        
        He needed a male heir. Henry's father had become king after after a long civil war. Henry fear that a similar war would start if he died without a son as his heir. He and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had a daughter name Mary, but no woman had ever successfully claimed the english throne.
        
        In 1527, Henry was convicted that the 42 year old Catherine would have no more children. He wanted to divorce her and take the young queen, but Church law didn't allow divorce. However, the pope could annul, or set aside Henry's marriage if proof could be found that it had never been legal in the first place.
        
        In 1527, Henry ask the pope to annul his marriage, but the pope turn him down. The pope didn't want to offend Catherine's powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
        
        The reformation parliament
        
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        Why did Henry 8th need a divorce or an annulment? Because she wasn't able to get pregnant again and gave birth to a girl than a boy.
- - - - Differences between Lutheranism and Catholicism
  - - - In a reply to the church's criticism, Luther suggested that christians drive the pope from the church by force.
        
        Luther was threatened with excommunication unless he recanted his statements, but he didn't listen and his students cheered as he burned the decree. he was then exommunicated.
        
        Values and beliefs
  - - - Summoned luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial. Luther was told to recant, but refused.
        
        A month later, Charles issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms, labeling Luther as a heretic and an outlaw because what he believed went against the teachings of the church.
        
        Luther retuned to Wittenberg in 1522, discovering that many of his ideas were being put into practice.
        
        Instead of seeking reforms in the church, Luther and his followers became a seperate religious group, called Lutherans.
        
        Many German princes supported Lutheranism, some genuinley believing in his teachings, but others doing it for selfish reasons such as an excuse to seize church property and assert independece from Charles V
        
        In 1529, princes who were still loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther. Those that supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement.
        
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        Why did Luther's teachings become so popular and attract attentin?
        
        Acoording to this edict, no one was supposed to give him food or shelter, and his books were to be burned.
        
        However, Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed and sheltered Luther for almost a year in one of his castles. There, Luther translated the new testament into German.
        
        Edict of Wroms