Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Luther Leads the Reformation - Coggle Diagram
Luther Leads the Reformation
Luther Challenges the Church
Martin Luther
He studied the Bible and decided that faith alone was the key to being saved.
From 1512-1546, he taught scripture at the University of Wittenburg in Saxony.
At 21, he entered the monastery, but still felt unfulfilled.
The 95 Theses
In 1517, he was unhappy with Friar Johann Tetzel, who was attempting to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral.
Tetzel was selling "indulgences", which allowed the rich to avoid penalty for sin.
Why was Martin Luther unhappy with the sale of indulgences?
The indulgences gave the impression that not only could you buy your way out of punishment for sin, but that you could buy your way into heaven. This went against his ideals: that all people in faith were equal, that faith and good works were required for salvation, and that the pope and church traditions were false authorities.
Luther's Teachings
On October 31, 1517, he posted 95 statements against "pardon-merchants" on the door of a church in Wittenberg, inviting others to debate him.
What caused Luther's ideas to spread throughout Germany?
Someone copied, then reprinted the statements multiple times with a printing press. This spread through Germany like wildfire with help from the growing unrest in the peasant population.
This began the Reformation, a religious reform. New churches were founded that did not accept the pope's authority.
The Response to Luther
The Pope's Threat
Luther's ideas became more popular, the Pope realized that this monk was a serious threat.
In an angry response to Church criticism, Luther actually suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force.
In 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements. Luther did not take back a word that he had said.
Students that attended Wittenberg gathered around a bonfire and cheered as he threw the pope's decree into the flames. Leo had excommunicated Luther
The people saw Luther's protests as a way to challenge Church control.
The Emperor's Opposition
Charles V
Controlled a vast empire, including the German states.
Summoned Luther to the town of Worms (vawrmz) in 1521 to stand trial
A devout Catholic, opposed Luther's teaching.
He attempted to recant, but again Luther refused.
The Peace of Augsburg
was a religious settlement that was meant to assemble the city of Augsburg.
Causes of the Reformation
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Critics of the church claimed that its leaders were corrupt.
The popes who ruled during the Renaissance patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars.
Many popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have much time for spiritual duties.
Pope Alexander VI, for example, admitted that he had fathered several Children
The lower clergy had problems as well.
Others broke their priestly vows by marrying, and some drank to excess or gambled.
Many priests and monks were poorly educated that they could scarcely read, let alone teach people.
More about
priests and monks
By 1500, additional forces weakened the Church.
The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged Church authority.
The invention of the printing press helped spread these secular ideas.
At the same time, more writers began to write and translate works into the local vernacular.
Together, these changes helped increase literacy, spiritual thinking, individual thought, and perspective among individuals.
As individuals found commonalities, new groups of like thinkers formed.
In addition, some rulers began to challenge the Church's political power.
In Germany, which was divided into many competing states,it was difficult for the pope or emperor to impose central authority .
More about the causes of the
Reformation
What were some of the forces that challenged the church's authority by 1500?
By 1500, additional forces weakened the church. The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged Church authority. In addition, some rulers began to challenge the Church's political power.
Early calls for Reform
Influenced by reformers, people had come to expect higher standards of conduct from priests and church leaders.
In the late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia had advocated Church reform.
They denied that the pope had the right to worldly power. They also taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders did.
In the 1500s, Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More added their voices to the chorus of criticism.
In addition, many Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the Church. The atmosphere in Europe was ripe for reform by the early 1500s.
More about
The Church
What were some criticisms of the Catholic Church before the Reformation?
There was a lot about The Church that was wrong. Many of the leaders in The Church were corrupt and would use their powers against political people. Also Priest and Monks also had very low education because they didn't go to school.
Conflict
Conflict was seen in the chapter because of people calling the church corrupt. Peopel thought that they pope had to much power with politcal matters.
Religion
The people in Europe at this time believed the church for religious matters.
England Becomes Protestant
Consequences of Henry's Changes
Henry didn't get his heir as soon as he thought he would
Henry lost interest in Anne Boleyn after she had given birth to their daughter, Elizabeth
Anne Boleyn was charged with treason and imprisoned in the Tower of London
Boleyn was then found guilty and beheaded in 1536
After Anne Boleyn, Henry had then married his third wife, Jane Seymour
She birthed their son, Edward in 1537, but died just two weeks later
Henry married three more times after his third wife's death, but no children came out of those marriages
Henry died in 1547 and each of his three children took turns ruling England
Religious turmoil had been created because of this
Edward VI, Henry's son, had become king when he was 9, but was too young so he was guided by adult advisers
Edward was almost always sick so he reigned for just 6 years
Those advisers were devout Protestants + introduced Protestant reforms to the English Church
Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, took over the throne in 1553
She was a Catholic and returned the English Church to the rule of the Pope
Some Protestants resisted her orders so they were executed
Died in 1558, leaving the throne to Elizabeth, Anne Boleyn's daughter
Religion
Religion is a very big concept throughout this chapter because as time goes on, the main religion of the English Church changes again and again and the reign is pass on from one of Henry VIII's children to the next. From the Pope's Catholicism to Protestantism back to Catholicism and finally ending with the Anglican Church - a mixture of Catholic and Protestant traditions.
The Reformation Parliament
Henry took his marriage problems in his own hands by calling Parliament and asking it to making laws that would end the Pope's power in England in 1529
Henry secretly married young Anne Boleyn (20s)
Parliament legalized Henry's divorce from Catherine
Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy, finally breaking Henry from the Pope in 1534
People were then called on to take an oath recognizing Henry's divorce and accepting Henry as the official head of England's Church rather than the Pope
Act of Supremacy had some opposition
Thomas More, criticized the Church, but he was a devout Catholic so he refused to accept the Act's terms and didn't take the oath
Henry ordered for Thomas' arrest and had him imprisoned in the Tower of London
Thomas More was then found guilty of high treason and was in executed in 1535
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
Elizabeth established a state church that both moderate Catholics and Protestants would accept
Elizabeth I came to power at a time of religious turmoil. How did she deal with the question of religion?
She split up the Anglican Church for both Catholics and Protestants to be pleased. For the Protestants, she allowed priests to marry and sermons to be delivered in English rather than in Latin. For the Catholics, however, she kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service like their rich robes and tried to make the church service more pleasing for those who were Catholic.
To please the Protestants
Sermons could be delivered in English and not Latin
Priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry
To please the Catholics
The Church of England kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service -- rich robes
Church services were revised to be somewhat more acceptable to Catholics
Peace
Religion was always something the people argued about. Everyone thought they were right, and at the time there were many different perspectives of the Bible emerging. By allowing the Anglican Church to please both the Catholics and the Protestants, she was able to have a certain level of peace between most people who took part in those two religions.
Elizabeth wanted to return the kingdom to Protestantism
Parliament set up the Church of England (Anglican Church) and made Elizabeth the head of the Church in 1559
Anglican Church was the only legal church in England
Elizabeth I Facts
Henry VIII Wants a Son
Henry VIII was a devout Catholic when he became King of England in 1509
Henry disagreed with Luther's ideas
Pope gave him the title "Defender of the Faith" for being supportive of the Church
Religious loyalty faltered as he needed a male heir to the throne
Feared that a civil war would start if he died without a son to be his heir
Had a daughter named Mary with his wife Catherine of Aragon
No woman had ever successfully taken over the English throne
Catherine of Aragon
Henry thought his 42 year old wife wouldn't bear any more children by 1527
Was set on divorcing her + marry a younger queen
Church law didn't allow his divorce
Loophole to the situation
-- Pope could annul the marriage if Henry could prove that it wasn't legal in the first place
Henry asked the Pope to annul his marriage, but was turned down because the Pope didn't want to offend Catherine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Why did Henry the 8th need a divorce or an annulment?
Henry the 8th needed a divorce/annulment because his first wife, Catherine of Aragon wouldn't give birth to any sons. He needed a son in order to have an heir to the throne, and his daughter Mary wouldn't be able to do so because she was a female.
Henry VIII
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
Because of her decisions, Elizabeth was able to bring a level of religious peace to England, but religion was still a problem
Some Protestants pushed for more far-reaching church reforms
Some Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots
Elizabeth was also threatened by Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain
Money was also a problem
The English were thinking about building an American empire to have as a new source of income in the late 1500's
Colonies strengthened England in the field of economy, but they didn't enrich the queen directly
Elizabeth was in constant need for money as well as those in the next reign - which led to a bitter conflict between the monarch and Parliament
At the same time, Reformation gained ground in other European countries
England challenged the Catholic Church -- political + personal reasons
Why did Luther's teachings become popular and attract followers?
The reason that Luther's teachings became popular is because his followers saw it as a good excuse to seize Church property and to assert their independence from Charles V.
Why do you think Charles V could not force Protestant princes back into the Catholic church even after defeating them in war?
I think this is because they physically refused to go back to the Catholic churches. They also signed a protest against the Catholic churches and with Luther.
War - This obviously ties into war because Charles V had to beat the protestant princes in order for them to take an order from him.
Consequence - This could also tie into consequence, because Charles V only started the war because the Protestant princes signed with Luther instead of him.