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CSMP, Characteristics forming the identity of a place - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Income
        
        World Bank's definition of absolute poverty - US $1.25 day PPP
        
        The Gini coefficient - Used to measure levels of income inequality within countries
        
        Ratio between 0 and 1.0
        
        Lower the value, more equal the income distribution
      - Housing
        
        Housing Tenure - When people own houses
        
        Mortgages , Renting, Charities, Housing Association
        
        In LIDCs, it is complex, esp. in slums
      - Education
        
        Literacy levels measured
        
        Only formal education measured, more common in ACs
      - Healthcare
        
        Levels of ill-health and access to health care measured
        
        Measure of no. of doctors per 100 people
        
        Health should also be measured by access to clean water, effective sanitation, diet + other factors
      - Employment
        
        Unemployment - not straightforward to assess
        
        Not all countries take counts of employment
        
        Defining what counts as employment is difficult
        
        Employment doesn't show wages and salary
    - - Wealth - A person's ability to purchase goods is fundamental to their wellbeing - Higher disposable income usually leads to better health, educational attainment, and access to services
      - Housing - Smaller income = less choice - Other issues include lack of social housing, rising house prices, second homes, gentrification, and counter urbanisation
      - Health - Substandard housing, poor diet, unhealthy lifestyle and stress of living in poverty leads to poor health - Access to medical services is uneven
      - Education - Differing opportunities leads to lack of employment in later life
      - Access to Services - Depends on no. of services, quantity/quality of services, social and economic factors
  - - - Location
        
        Community in Northern part of City of Irvine in Orange County, California
        
        Irvine developed as fully planned city, beginning in 1960s and is built on former ranch
        
        Classic edge city (new unstructured settlement near major city
        
        Irvine was developed around a series of communities called 'villages' of Northwood
        
        Northwood located on Southern edge of Los Angeles conurbation, 10km east of Newport Beach on Pacific Ocean
        
        Santana mountains to east
        
        21,000 people in Northwood and 2100 households
      - Factors Influencing Social Inequality
        
        Income
        
        Median income - US$86,500 a year
        
        Easy access to employment
        
        Many TNC headquarters, new business ventures
        
        Median household income - $122,550 ($55,322)
        
        Age
        
        Median age - 40
        
        Life expectancy - 82
        
        25-34 - 21%
        
        35-44 - 16%
        
        More experienced in job
        
        Gender
        
        Single females - 17.6%
        
        Single males - 12.8%
        
        49:51 F M
        
        Healthcare
        
        Excellent healthcare
        
        Low air pollution
        
        No smog from centre of LA
        
        Ethnicity
        
        Half of residents = White
        
        Second ethnic group = Asian
        
        Mainly Vietnamese Asians
        
        Education
        
        Schools are best achieving in USA
        
        5 high schools and several tertiary education facilities
        
        High educational standards - 68% of residents 25+ have first degrees, 20.5% have Masters or Doctorates
      - Evidence of Social Inequality
        
        Housing
        
        91990 own homes
        
        Average household size - 2.8 people
        
        Single family homes
        
        Environmental Quality
        
        Air pollution is low
        
        Avoids smog
        
        Close to wilderness parks
        
        Streets are all in line with trees
        
        Crime Rates
        
        70% lower than national average
        
        Safer than 96% of cities in California
        
        Violent crime: Irvine 50 incidents per 100000 and nationally 336 per 100000
        
        Digital Divide
        
        Large proportion of quaternary industry (look at income)
    - - Location
        
        Considered one of Asia's largest slums
        
        2.1km squared with population of around 1 million
        
        One of most densely populated areas in the world-> 277,136 km squared
      - Factors Influencing Social Inequality
        
        Income
        
        Work for around £1 a day, mainly sifting through litter- in poor working conditions such as hot sun
        
        Mostly (75%) informal jobs and average income $10 a month
        
        Gender
        
        Men mainly workers as women stay home and cook
        
        Women can be exploited
        
        Age
        
        Life expectancy less than 60
        
        Bad health = higher death rate
        
        Health
        
        500 people share 1 public latrine
        
        Doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of Diphtheria and typhoid
        
        Personal Mobility
        
        Toxic wastes in slums such as metals hat impact health
        
        Cars are expensive and most people walk as slums are too narrow
        
        Ethnicity
        
        Very religious
        
        Hindu= 60%
        
        Muslim= 33%
        
        Christian= 6%
        
        Lots of temples
        
        Education
        
        107 schools for 850,000 people- cramped classrooms
        
        Get abused by teachers
        
        Travel long distances to get to school
      - Evidence of Social Inequality
        
        Housing
        
        Cramped/multiple families in one house
        
        Bad quality hosing e.g made of rubbish/scraps
        
        Environmental Quality
        
        Water pollution is major problem- 77% of households suffer from poor water quality in the city
        
        Air pollution- dirty air including dangerous levels of nitrous oxide
        
        Waste- produces 7,500 metric tonnes a day
        
        Crime Rates
        
        Crime rate is moderate level of 46.65 compared to national average of 47.03 in India
        
        Digital Divide
        
        Have no disposable income to spend on technology
        
        Restrictions on jobs/ training
        
        Trusting community- No technology/ very little
  - - - Poorest groups of workers protected by min. wage legislation
      - Legislation exists which outlaws discrimination on criteria for jobs
    - - Programmes designed to improve personal health targeted at poorest groups
      - Government provides funding for training + upgrading skills - raise skill levels and qualifications, improve employment prospects, and boost economic growth
    - - Low wage earners, unemployed + long term disability entitled to benefits
      - Other subsidies may include free childcare for single parents
      - Pensioners get subsidies for fuel and transport
      - Children in poor families got FSM + help with university fees
    - - Income tax to redistribute wealth
      - Progressive tax systems where better-off pay large proportion of income in tax
      - Food and essentials exempt from tax - Benefits poorer groups that spend large % of income on food
    - - Planning organised + targeted geographically at most deprived areas
      - Governments, charities + housing agencies give priority to upgrade housing + services in poor areas
- - - - Location
        
        2 miles from city centre
        
        Situated in the NW of Wolverhampton
      - Natural Characteristics
        
        Not a lot of green space
        
        Areas with green space are not well-tended to
      - Past Characteristics and History
        
        Enoch Powell was MP for that area and a very significant figure in the 1970s
        
        Whitmore Reans was originally built for the rapidly increasing population in the 1800s
        
        Original structure of the shopping centre is still present
        
        Historically anti-immigrant (Enoch Powell), but recently Labour (2015-17)
      - Demography
        
        Total Population - 12,402
        
        Majority of population = 25-44 (5.7%)
        
        White British - 50.6%
        
        Indian - 16.3%, Pakistani - 5.2%, White other - 5.7%, Caribbean - 4.1%
      - Socio-economic Status
        
        Owner occupied - 51.8% (Wolverhampton = 56.6%), Private rented - 32% (13.2%)
        
        Only 2 branded shops - little globalisation
        
        Charity shops - suggests low affluence
        
        Average house price - £131,261
      - Culture and Religion
        
        Christian - 44% (55.5%), Sikh - 11%, Muslim - 9%
        
        Eastern European shops
        
        South Asian supermarkets
        
        Takeaways for different cultures (Caribbean, Chinese)
      - Built Characteristics
        
        Old and rundown buildings - not much development
        
        Flats built on top of shops - council building up to deal with overpopulation
        
        Close proximity to the city centre and terraced and low rental houses attracted people from low-income backgrounds
        
        Majority of house sales were terraced properties - avg. price £96,000
      - Political Issues
        
        92 crimes in July 2020
        
        96 crimes in June 2020
        
        Historically anti-immigrant (Enoch Powell)
    - - Location
        
        WNW of Wolverhampton
        
        2-5 miles from Wolverhampton
      - Natural Characteristics
        
        Upper Green has dense pattern of tree planting and areas of ornamental bedding plants
        
        Garden walls in locally distinctive materials including red brick sandstone and glacial erratic
        
        Natural sandstone is incorporated into the village - more rural feel
      - Past Characteristics and History
        
        Battle in Tettenhall in 910
        
        In mid to late 19th century, Tettenhall began to develop as a residential area for wealthy industrialists and proprietors
        
        Old monuments left to add character to area (clock tower)
      - Demography
        
        Total population - 10,922
        
        75+ - 7.6%, 60-74 - 6.3%
        
        80.1% - White British, 8.6% - Indian
      - Socio-economic Status
        
        Owner occupied houses - 75.8% (56.6%), 2+ cars or vans - 38.2% (25.2%)
        
        Avg. house price - £264,969
        
        Laser skin clinic - suggests high disposable income
      - Culture and Religion
        
        65% Christian (55.5.%)
        
        Tettenhall Tennis Club, Albert Lawn Tennis Club
        
        Mainly English-style food
      - Political Issues
        
        19 crimes in July 2020
        
        21 crimes in June 2020
        
        Mainly right-wing/Conservative
      - Built Charcteristics
        
        Many Victorian and Edwardian style buildings - maintains rural feel
        
        Many detached houses with many bungalows as well - suggests high affluence and aging population
        
        Brand new housing has 4/5 bedrooms and older character - suggesting an affluent target audience
- - - - Formal
        
        Mumbai (formerly Bombay)
        
        Located on West Coast in India's richest state, Maharashtra
        
        Largest city in India with 22+ million people and growing rapidly (1000 new migrants per day)
        
        Financial centre, major port and industrial area as well as home to Bollywood industry so centre of culture
        
        Key economic growth due to:
        
        Services - banking, insurance, ICT, call centres located there due to excellent English speakers, making it ideal for TNCs to outsource
        
        Manufacturing - over half of factories are textiles + a lot of steel, cement, and food factories
        
        Construction - demand for housing and industrial sites
        
        Entertainment - Bollywood
        
        Leisure - Tourism
      - Informal
        
        General Information
        
        Communal toilets - unsafe
        
        Overcrowded schools
        
        Authorative figures - teachers + police brutality
        
        Corrupt police - don't care about attack on Muslims
        
        Socio-economic
        
        Class inequality - lower class seen as inferior
        
        Poverty - slums, poorly built, high density, dangerous, poor hygiene, sell important things for money
        
        Wealth gap - Bollywood starts and gangsters are rich
        
        Certain jobs looked down upon (Chaiwala)
        
        Informal jobs - selling litter, stealing shoes at Taj Mahal, pickpocketing, prostituition
        
        Built Environment
        
        Communal toilets in slums
        
        Slums - poorly built
        
        Taj Mahal
        
        Slums turned into CBD
        
        Bombay turned to Mumbai - high-rise flats
        
        Plot related to place
        
        Children taken to beg - Make child disabled, taught to sing + babes earn extra money
        
        Muslims seen as inferior - beaten, villages raided, burnt alive
        
        Bollywood - pride and sense of community
        
        Prostituition - street full of prostitutes, their children with them at work
        
        Pretending to be tour guide - earn money, false information, stealing shoes
        
        Pickpocketing tourists - stealing bags and purses
    - - Location
        
        Suburbanised village 4.8km south of county town of Shrewsbury
        
        Located in West of England
        
        On border of Wales
        
        SW of Shrewsbury, N of Ludlow
      - Formal
        
        Age - elderly dependents - 24.5% (16%)
        
        Unemployment - 4% (4.5%)
        
        White British - 99% (79.8%)
        
        Religion - Christian - 71% (59.4%)
        
        Average age - 45 (39)
        
        Houses owned outright - 46% (31%)
- - - - A large metropolitan region in the centre of the West Midlands Conurbation
    - - Socio-economic
        
        Pre 1700s- people beginning to be involved in trade and increase in making objects from raw materials (secondary jobs)
      - Demographic
        
        Due to increase in population Birmingham was described as 'swarming with inhabitants'- not enough houses built around 1800s
      - Cultural
        
        By the early 1600s the area had already developed a reputation as one where the traditional power of the aristocracy and the established church was weak- became a place for incomers who did not fit in with established thinking elsewhere: religious non-conformists, scientific and literary free-thinkers, industrial entrepreneurs and political dissenters.
      - Environmental
        
        Relatively rural so environmental issues weren't high priority
    - - Opening of factories- increase in tertiary and secondary jobs
      - Increase in law and banking- tertiary
      - The gun, jewellery, button and brass industries dominated
      - Railway opened 1838
      - Booming vehicle industry- engineering industries such as Austin Car plant 1906
      - Pop. growth by over 15000 by 1800
    - - De Bermingham Family:
        
        Held a market: purchased a royal charter in 1166 that allowed them to hold a market
        
        Place began to grow as a result of change
      - Matthew Boulton:
        
        Established the first factory in the world in 1761 called the 'Soho Manufactory'
        
        Bought 700 employees jobs
      - The Cadbury Family:
        
        Set up Bourneville factory and model village for workers on the South East outskirts of the city
        
        Provides jobs and housing so increase in population
    - - Network Rail:
        
        Improved infrastructure in and around Birmingham
        
        £700 million investment in the main Railway station Birmingham New Street station
        
        Tram and light rail systems- connects Birmingham to Wolverhampton and West Bromwich
        
        Attracts tourists and workers to come to the area
      - John Lewis:
        
        Open stores in Birmingham
        
        Connected area called Grand Central to the train station
        
        Shops, cafes and offices created 1000 jobs- multiplier effect
      - National Government:
        
        Build HS2 that links the south and North together
        
        £20 billion phase 1 links London to Birmingham in just under 50 minutes
        
        Should stimulate employment growth in the city and make Birmingham a more attractive proposition for investment
    - - Socio-economic
        
        Large terraced housing built for all the workers
        
        Houses become more differentiated because of socio-economic change
        
        400 tower blocks built in 50s and 60s
        
        Unemployment below 1% post-war and reached 19.4% in 18982 due to Deindustrialisation
      - Demographic
        
        Much younger population than England as a whole
        
        Birmingham-> 38% are 24 or below (31%)
        
        Birmingham's elderly (Over 65) account for 13% but England is 16%
        
        Continual increase in population- now around 1.3 million
      - Cultural
        
        Significant international in-migration in inner city areas
        
        Most immigrants from the Caribbean, South Asia and the Far East:
        
        Pakistani- 145,000
        
        White British- 570,000
        
        Indian- 65,000
        
        More ethnic shops and place of worship
      - Environmental
        
        Difficulty seeing at night due to co2 emissions in the air- come from factories