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Respiratory System Imogen Ecal Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Imogen Ecal Per.1
Lower Respiratory Structures and Functions
diaphragm: main breathing muscle
trachea: windpipe
extends from larynx to mediastinum where it branches off into two bronchi
wall has three layers
mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce the mucus “sheets” within trachea; helps prevent the collapse of the trachea since it's supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings
adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue
carina is found where trachea branches off into two bronchi
bronchi
branching is referred to as bronchial tree
conducting zone gives rise to respiratory zone
respiratory zone structures: begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles which lead into alveolar ducts and into alveloar sacs (saccules); saccules contain clusters of alveoli; the respiratory membrane is a blood air barrier that has alveolar and capillary walls
conducting zone structures: trachea divides to form right and left main primary bronchi which enters hilum of one lung and branches into lobar, secondary, bronchi then they branch into segmental (tertiary) bronchi-branches become smaller with bronchioles being less than 1mm in diameter and terminal bronchioles are the smallest of the branches
larynx: voice box
functions
provides airway
voice production, it has vocal folds
direct food and air into the right passages
nine cartilages (all hyaline)
cricoid cartilage: ring-shaped
paired arytenoid cartilages: anchors vocal cords
thyroid cartilage: large; laryngeal prominence is Adam's apple; shaped like a book with the spine representing the Adam's apple
paired cuneiform cartilages
paired corniculate cartilages
epiglottis: is made up of elastic cartilage, not hyaline; covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing; vocal ligaments make up real vocal cords; glottis is the opening between vocal folds; vestibular folds are false cords-it helps the glottis to close while swallowing
lungs: occupy all the space in the thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum
root: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
apex: superior tip, deep to clavicle
base: inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
hilum: found on mediastinal surface, site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
left lung: separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure; it's smaller than the right lung because of the heart's position; and it has the cardiac notch which is the concavity for the heart to fit into
right lung: separated into superior, inferior, and middle lobes; superior and middle separated by horizontal fissure; and middle and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
supply body with oxygen for cellular respiration
get rid of CO2 from body, waste product of cellular respiration
Four Respiration Processes
external respiration is the exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide from inside and outside of the body
Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the lungs is done through the cardiovascular system
Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood vessels and the lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing): consists of both expiration and inspiration; inspiration is getting air into the lungs and expiration is moving air out of the lungs
Volume and Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
(Ppul) Intrapulmonary Pressure: pressure in alveoli, it fluctuates with breathing, and always eventually equalizes with atmospheric pressure (Patm) (0mm Hg (760 mm Hg)
Transpulmonary Pressure: (Ppul-Pip), it's the pressure that keeps the lung spaces open and keeps the lungs from collapsing (4mm Hg (difference between 0mm Hg and -4mm Hg)
(Patm) Atmospheric Pressure: pressure exerted by air surrounding the body (0mm Hg (760mm Hg)
(Pip) Intrapleural Pressure: pressure in pleural cavity, fluctuates with breathing, always a negative pressure (<Patm and <Ppul); one outward force enlarges lungs because the elasticity of chest wall pulls thorax outward; negative Pip is affected by opposing forces but is maintained by adhesive force between parietal and visceral pleurae; two inward forces promote lung collapse (-4mm Hg (756mm Hg)
Lung's natural tendency to recoil, lungs always assume smallest size because of elasticity;
Surface tension of alveolar fluid, surface tension pulls on alveoli to try and reduce alveolar size
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
Paranasal Sinuses
form ring around nasal cavities
functions
lighten skull
warm and moisten the air
secrete mucus
Pharynx
oropharynx: food and air passage from soft palate to epiglottis; palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces; lingual tonsils located on posterior surface of the tongue
(most inferior out of three regions of the pharynx) laryngopharynx: food and air passage; posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx which goes to the esophagus
(most superior of three regions of the pharynx) naropharynx: air only; posterior to nasal cavity; pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located on the posterior wall; soft palate and uvula close the naropharynx while swallowing
connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus; funnel shaped; made up of skeletal muscle
Nose
most external part of respiratory system
functions
provides an airway for respiration
moistens and warms air coming in
filters and cleans inspired air
houses olfactory receptors
serves as a resonating chamber for speech production
has two sections
nasal cavity
nasal conchae: project out and are mucosa covered; its shape helps it to increase air turbulence and increase mucosal area; it functions to filter, heat, and moisten air
conchae and vestibule divided by nasal septum
nasal vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils; it has vibrissae which are hairs that filter out air; the rest of the membrane is covered with mucous membrane and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
external nose is what we see on the outside
Compare and Contrast the Mechanism of Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration
active process which involves inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
action of diaphragm: when dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out which results in increase in thoracic volume
action of intercostal muscles: when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out which results increase in thoracic volume
when thoracic volume increases, lungs are stretches and pulled out with thoracic cage which causes intrapulmonary pressure to drop and because of the difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure, air flows into lungs and down the pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm
Pip lowers to less than Patm
forced deep inspirations can occur during vigorous exercise or in people with COPD
accessory muscles are also activated; these include the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor which increase thoracic cage size which creates a larger pressure gradient so more air is drawn in
Expiration
quiet expiration is a passive process; inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, and lungs recoil; volume decrease causes intrapulmonary pressure to increase
Ppul>Patm so air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm
Boyle's Law: relationship between pressure and volume of a gas; this means that gases always fill the container they're in; for instance, if the amount of gas is the same and the container size is reduced, pressure will increase; this means that pressure varies inversely with volume (P1V1=P2V2)
Internal vs. External Respiration
both part of respiratory system
external respiration is part of respiratory system
involves pulmonary ventilation which is breathing of air into and out of lungs
external respiration is the exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide from the blood and lungs
connection between outside and inside of the body
internal respiration is part of circulatory system
internal respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
it's the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
just inside the body
Layers of the Pleurae
pleurae: thin double-walled serosal membrane, it divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
parietal pleura: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
visceral pleura: membrane on external lung surface
pleural fluid fills pleural cavity which is slitlike between two pleurae
it also provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory Volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): amount of air forcibly inhaled, amount of air that can be forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume; 2100-3200ml)
Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV): amount of air forcibly expelled from lungs; amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200ml)
Tidal Volume (TV): normal breathing, amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breath; averages 500ml
Residual Volume (RV): amount of air that is always in the lungs, this is needed for alveoli to stay open
Capacities
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): sum of RV+ERV;2400ml
Vital Capacity (VC): sum of TV+IRV+ERV:4800ml
Total Lung Capacity: sum of all lung volumes (TV+IRV+ERV+RV):6000ml
Inspiratory Capacity (IC): sum of TV+IRV;3600ml
Female
IRV: 1900ml
ERV: 700ml
TV: 500ml
RV: 1100ml
TLC: 4200ml
VC: 3100ml
IC: 2400ml
FRC: 1800ml
Male
RV: 1200ml
TLC: 6000ml
ERV: 1200ml
VC: 4800ml
IRV: 3100ml
IC: 3600
TV: 500ml
FRC:2400ml
Disorders of the Respiratory System
tonsilitis: swelling of tonsils can prevent air coming in from the naropharynx; isn't nose breathing but mouth breathing which can result in air not being properly filtered, warmed, or moistened when it gets to the lungs; if enlarged, can cause a disturbance in sleeping and/or speech; can be treated with the removal of tonsils through tonsillectomy
laryngitis: inflammation of vocal folds which causes them to swell, this interrupts with vibration; it results in changes of tone; can be caused by viruses, overuse of voice, etc
pleurisy: inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia; inflamed pleurae is rough which results in friction and stabbing with each breath; pleurae may also produce excessive amounts of fluid which may exert pressure on lungs which will hinder breathing; blood and blood filtrate from damaged blood vessels or lung capillaries can also accumulate in the pleural cavity
pleural effusion: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
smoking can cause cilia to be destroyed; without ciliary activity coughing is the only way to prevent built up mucus in the lungs; ciliary function eventually recovers once person stops smoking
Tracheal obstruction (choking): can cause death; food can suddenly close off trachea; the Heimlich maneuver may help if done correctly-the air from the lungs is pushed up to help food escape
Atelectasis is lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles which cause collapse of alveoli or pneumothorax which is air in the pleural cavity; it can occur from either a wound in parietal pleura or rupture of visceral pleura, it is treated by removing air with chest tubes, and when the pleura heals, the lung reinflates