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Alejandra F. De La Torre P:2 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Alejandra F. De La Torre P:2 Respiratory System
Major functions of the respiratory system
Filters warm and moisturizes incoming air
Transports incoming air into the gas exchange areas
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Microscopic air sacs exchange gases
Removes particles from incoming air
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nasal Cavity
Function: has passage ways, they support mucous membranes, and filter incoming air
Sinuses
Function: reduce the weight of the skull and serve as resonant chambers for the voice
Nose
Function: provides openings ( the entrance and exit of air)
Pharynx
Function: passage way for air and food, aids in sounds for speech
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Bronchial tree
Function: tubular airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs (alveoli). Consists of 9 branches:
Terminal bronchioles: branches off lager bronchioles; smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Tertiary bronchi: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
Alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
Secondary Bronchi: branches of the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
Primary Branchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea; each leads to a lung
Alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries.
Lungs
Function: contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Trachea
Function: Goblet cells produce mucus, that traps incoming particles, Cilia sweeps mucus toward pharynx, supported by 20 cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open
Larynx
Function: Transports air in and out of the trachea, helps keep particles from entering the trachea, houses vocal cords
Layers of the pleurae
Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Compare and contrast the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration: The diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity increases in volume.
Expiration: The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Tidal Volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is 500ml
Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is 3,000ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is 1,200ml
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is 1,200ml: cannot be measured with a spirometer
Inspiratory Capacity (IC): is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (3,500ml)
Functional residual capacity (FRC): is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV+RV (2,300ml)
Vital capacity (VC): is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV+IRV+ERV (4,600ml)
Total lung capacity (TLC): id total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC+RV (5.800ml)
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood and body cells
External respiration: the gas exchange between lungs and blood
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD
Description
Progressive disease that makes it more difficult to breath; includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Causes or Risk Factors
Asthmatic bronchitis, Tobacco Smoke, Air pollution
Symptoms
Chronic cough, Infection, Wheezing
Treatment Options
Smoking cessation, Antibiotics, Oxygen therapy
Tuberculosis
Symptoms
Cough with thick mucus, Swollen lymph nodes, Shortness of breath
Treatment Options
Long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Causes or Risk Factors
Weakened immune system, Drug and alcohol abuse, Travel where TB is common
Description
Bacterial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Causes or Risk Factors
Bacterial infection, Viral infection, Impaired immune system
Symptoms
Fever, Shortness of breath, Chills
Description
Inflammation and fluid in the lungs
Treatment Options
Long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Lung Cancer
Causes or Risk Factors
Smoking (90% of cases), Second-hand smoke, Air pollution
Symptoms
Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Persistent cough
Description
Mass of uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs
Treatment Options
Radiation, Chemotherapy, Surgical removal
Seasonal Flu
Causes or Risk Factors
Age, Weakened immune system, Pregnancy
Symptoms
Fatigue, chills, fever
Description
A viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
Treatment Options
Early vaccination, over the counter medication, rest and hydration
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is 1,200ml
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is 1,200ml: cannot be measured with a spirometer
Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is 3,000m
Tidal Volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is 500m