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Respiratory System Mia Cortez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Mia Cortez Period 5
Volumes and Capacities
Capacities
Functional Residual (F.R.C)
: Volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration ; ( ERV + RV) ( 3,500mL)
Vital (V.C) :
Max volume of air that can be exhaled after a max inspiration ; (TV + IRV + ERV ) (4,600mL)
Inspiratory (I.C)
: Volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal resting expiration ; (IRV + TV) ( 3,500mL)
Total Lung (T.L.C)
: Total volume of air lungs can hold ; ( VC + RV) ( 5,800mL) ( varies w/ age , gender, body size)
Anatomic Dead Space
: Volume of air remaining in bronchial tree that's not involved in gas exchange
Volumes
Inspiratory Reserve ( I.R.V)
: Volume of air that's inhaled in addition to T.D during forced inspiration (3,000mL)
Tidal (T.V) :
Volume of air that enters / leaves lungs during one resp. cycle ( 500mL)
Expiratory Reserve (E.R.V)
: Volume of air that can be exhaled during a max expiration, beyond T.V ( 1,200mL)
Residual (R.V)
: Volume of air that remains in lungs after a max expiration ( 1,200mL) ( Can not be measured with spirometer)
Upper respiratory
Nasal Cavity
Structure
: Hollow space behind nose
Function
: Conducts air to pharynx mucus lining filters, warms, & moistens incoming air
Sinuses
Structure
: Hollow space in certain skull bones
Function
: Reduce weight of skull & serve as resonant chambers
Nose
Structure
: Part of face centered above the mouth ; in / below space of eyes
Function
: Nostrils provide openings for entrance / exit of air ; internal hairs begin to filter incoming air
Pharynx
Structure :
Chamber behind nasal cavity , oral cavity, & larynx
Function
: Passage way for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx & for food moving from oral cavity to esophagus
Lower Respiratory
Trachea
Structure
: Flexible tub that connects larynx w/ bronchial tree (Primary branch:First branch; directly off the trachea) (Secondary :Branches off main bronchi)
Function
: Passageway for air; mucus lining continues to filter particles from incoming air
Bronchial Tree
Structure
: Branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli
Functions
: Conducts air from trachea to alveoli ; mucus lining continues to filter particles from incoming air
Larynx
Structure
: : Enlargement at the top of trachea
Function :
Passageway for air moving ; prevents moving foreign objects from entering trachea; houses vocal chords
Lungs
Structure
: Soft, cone shaped organs that occupy a large portion of the thoracic cavity
Function
: Contain air passageways , alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissue, lymphatic vessels, & nerves
Layers of Pleura
Visceral Pleura :
Inner layer ; attached to surface of each lung
parietal Pleura
: Outer layer ; lines thoracic cavity
Pleura
: Doubles layered serous membrane
Serous fluid :
Lubricates the pleura cavity between 2 layers
Major functions
Respiration :
Process of gas exchange between atmosphere & cells
Other functions of the rep. system : Removes particles from incoming air, regulates temp., & water content of air, provides vocal sound, regulates blood pH , & helps in sense of smell
Consists of tubes that filter, warm, & moistens incoming air & transports it into gas exchange areas , & microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
Obtain oxygen from atmosphere & removes carbon dioxide from body cells
Mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
When pressure inside the lungs decrease below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from atmosphere
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside lungs to decrease (Inverse relationship)
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Diaphram & External intercostal muscles
Function :
Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
Function :
Diaphram contracts & moves downwards, enlarging the thoracic cavity
Function
: External intercostal contracts to move ribs & sternum upward & outward
Function:
Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2mm below atmospheric pressure (Causes air to rush into lungs)
Expiration
Normal
Intra - alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mmHg above atmospheric pressure
As diaphram recoild, abdominal organs spring to their original shape (Pushed diaphram up )
Result = air rushes out of lungs into atmosphere
Diaphram & external intercostal muscles relax & lungs recoil (As lung recoils , pleura & chest wall are pulled in) (Decreasing volume of thoracic cavity)
Results from passive process of elastic coil of muscles & lung tissue, & from the surface tension w/ in alveoli (increased surface - tension in alveoli decreases volume)
Forced
Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Aided by internal intercostal muscles & abdomila wall muscles which compress rib cage & abdominal wall (respectively)
Disorders
Pneumonia
Bacteria or viral infection of lungs
Causes /Risks factors:
Bacterial infection, individuals, aspiration, etc.
Symptoms
: Fever, chills, fatigue, etc.
Treatment Options:
Over counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy, etc.
Lung Cancer
Causes/Risks factors:
smoking, second hand smoke, genetics, etc.
Symptoms
: Chest pain, blood in sputum, shortness of breath, etc.
Uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs
Treatment options:
Radiation, chemo, surgical removal, etc.
Turberculosis
Symptoms:
Cough w/ thick mucus, fever / fatigue, tachycardia. etc
Treatment Options:
Surgery, medication, long term antibiotics, etc
Causes/ Risk factors:
Contagious . inhaled, drug/alcohole abuse, weakened immune system, etc.
Bacterial infection in respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Seasonal Flu
Causes/ Risks factors:
Age, living conditions, pregnancy , etc.
Symptoms
: Dry cough, fatigue, body ache, etc.
Viral infection; There're many variations of this virus & it changes rapidly
Treatment Options
: Early vaccination, rest/hydration, antiviral medication, etc.
COPD
Causes / Risk factors
: Tobacco smoke, age, & or genetics
Symptoms:
: Chronic cough, wheezing, tight chest, etc.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, & asthma
Treatment Options:
Medications, antibiotics, & oxygen therapy
Internal vs external respiration
Gas Transport:
In blood between lungs & body cells
Internal Respiration:
Gas exchange between blood & body cells
External Respiration:
Gas exchange between lungs & blood
Cellular Respiration :
Oxygen use by cells, & production of carbon dioxide
Ventilation or breathing
: The movement of air in & out of lungs
Mucous Membrane:
Of bronchial tree filter, warm, & humidify incoming air