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Concept Map: Respiratory System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys-P5-Franco -…
Concept Map: Respiratory System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys-P5-Franco
Major Functions of The Respiratory System
Removes particles from
incoming air,
Regulates temperature
Removes carbon dioxide
from the body cells
Regulates water content of the air
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere
Regulates blood pH
Protects your airways from harmful substances
Upper Respiratory Tract: Composed of the Nose, Nasal cavity, Sinuses, the Pharynx,
Pharynx:(Throat)
The pharynx also plays a role in speech
Divided into 3 regions: Nasopharyx, Oropharyx, Hypopharynx
Both food and air pass through the pharynx
Sinuses:
Regulate the temperature and humidity of the air your breathe in
Produce a mucus that moisturizes the inside of the nose
Help make the skull lighter.
Nasal cavity
Filter and warm the air
Have special cells that help with sense of smell
Hollow space posterior to the nose
Nose
Nostrils contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
Have nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
Supported by bone and cartilage
Lower respiratory tract:
Trachea:(Wind Pipe)
Splits into right and left bronchi
Traps incoming particles
Its inner wall lined with mucous memebrane
Bronchial Tree : Consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways
Terminal bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles; smallest
bronchioles that conduct air,
Respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain
alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the
segmental bronchi
Alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
Tertiary bronchi: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a
segment of a lung
Alveolar sacs: branch off alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs called
alveoli
Secondary bronchi: branches of the main bronchi; each enters
a lobe of a lung
Alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts
rapid gas exchange between the air and blood
Primary bronchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch
directly off the trachea; leads to a lung
Larynx:(Vocal Cords)
Helps keep particles from entering the trachea
Transports air in and out of the trachea
Houses Vocal Cords
Lungs
Right Lung is larger than the Left Lung
Right Lung has 3 lobes and Left Lung has 2 lobes
Main Function: Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.
Soft, cone-shaped organs
Allow us to breathe
Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels,
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Layers of the Pleura
A double-layered serous membrane
Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers: helps the two layers slide easily
Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Lines the inside of the ribcage and the diaphragm
Helps separate the chest and abdominal cavities
Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Wraps around the lungs and is stuck so tightly to the lungs that it cannot be peeled off.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory capacities: combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration
Vital capacity (VC) is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration;
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration;
Total lung capacity (TLC) is total volume of air the lungs can hold;
Respiratory Volumes:There are 4 distinct respiratory volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
Tidal volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tuberculosis
Causes: Weakend Immune System, Drug Abuse, Care/Live with TB Patients
Symptoms: Fever, Fatigue, Tachycardia, Chest Pain
Description: Bacterial Infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuber
Treatment: Antibiotics, Surgery, Over the Counter Medication
Pneumonia
Causes: Aspiration, Viral Infection,Bacterial Infection
Symptoms: Fever, Chills, Chest pain, Fatigue
Description: Bacterial or Viral infection of the lungs
Treatment: Over the Counter Medication, Antibiotics, Oxygen Therapy
COPD(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Causes: Air Pollution, Tobacco Smoke, Genetics
Symptoms: Chronic Cough, Wheezing, Tight Chest
Description: Includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
Treatments: Antibiotics, Oxygen Therapy, Lung Transplant
Lung Cancer
Causes: Smoking, Second Hand Smoke, Genetics
Symptoms: Chest Pain, Shortness of Breath, Fatigue
Description: Uncontrolled cell growth/develop of tumors in the lungs
Treatment: Radiation, Chemotherapy. Surgical Removal
Seasonal Flu
Causes: Age, Weak Immune System, Chronic Illness, Pregnancy
Symptoms: Dry Cough, Fatigue, Congestion, Headache, Chills
Description: A viral infection with many variations and changes rapidly from year to year
Treatments: Over the Counter Medicine, Antiviral Medication, Rest/Hydration, Early Vaccination
Internal vs. External Respiration
Internal Respiration
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases with the internal environment, and occurs in the tissues.
External Respiration
External respiration is the exchange of gases with the external environment, and occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Compare and contrast the mechanism of Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration
An active process
The diaphragm moves down by contracting and becoming flat
Also known as inhalation
The external intercostal muscles contract and internal intercostal muscles relax
The act of drawing air into the lungs
The size of the chest cavity increases
Oxygen is taken into the lungs
Air Pressure inside the lungs decreases due to the increase of volume of the chest cavity
Air moves into the lungs
Events:
The thoracic volume increases as the chest wall expands
The intrapulmonary pressure is reduced
The diaphragm and respiratory muscles contract
The alveolar decreases than the atmospheric pressure
Respiratory center initiates the stimuli during inspiration
Air is taken inside due to expansion of alveoli
Expiration
The external intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles
The size of the chest cavity decreases
The diaphragm moves up by relaxing and becoming dome-shaped
Air Moves out of the lungs
A Passive Process
Carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs
Also known as the exhalation
Air Pressure inside the lungs increases due to the lungs increases due to the decrease of volume in the chest cavity
The act of releasing air from the lungs through the nose or mouth
Events:
The alveolar pressure increases than the atmospheric pressure
Air is sent out due to contraction of alveoli
The intrapulmonary pressure is increased
The thoracic volume decreases as the chest wall contracts
The diaphragm relax but internal intercostal muscles contract
Respiratory center terminates the stimuli during expiration
Volume and Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity
During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
creates a lower pressure within the lung than that of the atmosphere, causing air to be drawn into the lungs.
causing the rib cage to expand and move outward, and expanding the thoracic cavity and lung volume
During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostals relax, causing the thorax and lungs to recoil
The air pressure within the lungs increases to above the pressure of the atmosphere
Causing air to be forced out of the lungs