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Reliability, validity and culture (studies for diagnosis) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Effect of gender on the experience of schizophrenia
      - She re diagnosed 199 patients using DMS III, originally diagnosed using DSM II; with some differences but 85% consistent
      - She asked 2 other experts to re diagnose a random sample of the patients using the case histories with all indication of previous diagnoses removed - she found high level of agreement/consistency = inter rater reliability
- - - - Longitudinal study looking at conduct disorder in over 2000 5 year olds
      - Childrens mothers were interviewed and the teachers were asked to complete postal questionnaires about conduct disorder symptoms (from DSM IV) observed in last 6 months
      - The children who received the diagnosis were also more likely to display behavioural and educational difficulties at age 7 = predictive validity
- - - - In asian cultures, people are praised if they do not show emotions when experiencing emotional turmoil
      - In certain Arabic cultures, outpouring of public emotion is understood and encouraged.
      - Without this knowledge, an individual displaying overt emotional behavior may be regarded as abnormal
- - - - Aimed to reveal whether the DSM criteria for diagnosing ADHD would be useful for Korean children
      - Assessed 18 ADHD criteria in DSM IV
      - Questionnaires given to 48 primary school teachers
      - 1663 children were rated - large sample
      - There was a match between the features of ADHD outlined in the DSM and the responses to the questionnaire, an ADHD test and teacher assessments
- - - - Argued there are methodological problems with studies used to test the reliability of the DSM up until 1992, limiting generalisability
      - The studies outlined used interviews and questionnaires to gather data. K&K argued that training and supervision of the interview was insufficient and that they lacked the commitment and skills to be accurate. Also pointed out that the studies tended to take place in specialised research settings, which means that their findings might nit relate to clinicians in clinical settings.
      - As an unreliable diagnostic tool lacks validity, K&K suggested that the DSM could lack validity.
- - - - culture does not affect diagnosis
      - the DSM was developed in the USA and is used widely in many other cultures. It is valid if mental disorders are clearly defined with specific features and symptoms.
      - mental disorders are scientifically defined illnesses that are explained in a scientific way.
  - - - culture does affect diagnosis
      - there are studies that have shown that culture can affect diagnosis (e.g. voices).
      - depending on cultural interpretations of what is being measured, the DSM is not always valid (due to subjectivity).
      - a clinician from one culture must be aware that a patient from another culture is guided by their own frame of reference.