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Respiratory System Tania Torres-Gomez P.1 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Tania Torres-Gomez P.1
Major Functions
supply blood with O2- cellular respiration
dispose CO2 waste product to cellular respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
movement air in and out of lungs
External Respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Upper Respiratory System Structures and Functions
nose and nasal cavity
nose- only external portion respiratory system
fucntions
airway respiration
moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
resonating chamber for speech
houses olfactory receptors
regions
external nose
areas
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex nostrils(nares): bounded laterally; alae
nasal cavity
found
posterior- external nose
divides midline nasal septum- formed anteriorly septal cartilage and posteriorly vomer bone and perpendicular plate ethmoid bone
nasal vestibule
nasal cavity superior- nostrils lined vibrisasae chairs filter coarse particles inspired air
nasal conchae
scroll-like, mucosa- covered projections protrude medially each lateral wall nasal cavity
shape conchae
increase mucosa area
enhance air turbulence
paranasal sinuses
ring around nasal cavities
located
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bone
functions:
filter
heat
moisten air
pharynx
funnel-shaped muscular tube runs from base skull- vertebra C6
connects nasal cavity and mouth- larynx and espophagus
composed skeletal muscle
3 regions
Nasopharynx
air passageway (only air) posterior- nasal cavity
soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located: posterior wall
pharyngeal tonsil
tubal tonsil
opening of pharyngotympanic tube
Oropharynx
passageway food and air from level soft palate- epligottis
palatine tonsils located: posterior surface of tongue
lingual tonsil located: posterior surface of tongue
Laryngopharynx
passageway food and air
posterior- upright epligottis
extends larynx, continuous esophagus
Lower Respiratory Structures and Functions
Larynx
voice box extends 3rd-6th cervical vertebra and attaches- hyoid bone
opens laryngopharynx and continous with trachea
3 functions:
Provides patent airway
Routes air and food- proper channels
House Production -vocal folds
framework of larynx consists of nine hyaline cartilages (except epligottis) connected membranes and ligaments
thyroid cartilage:
large, shield-shaped cartilage resembles upright open book, "spine" book laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
Cricoid cartilage:
ring shaped
paired arytenoid cartilages (anchor vocal cords)
paired cuneiform cartilages
epligottis
consists of elastic cartilage (not hyaline)
covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing
covered in taste bud- containing mucus
vocal folds
vocal ligaments:
form core of vocal folds
glottis:
opening between vocal folds
folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
Trachea
windpipe extends larynx- mediastinum, divides 2 main bronchi
about 4 inches long, 3/4 inch diameter, and very flexible
wall composed 3 layers
Mucosa
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Submucosa
connective tissue- seromucous glands help produce mucus "sheets"with trachea supported 16-20 c-shaped cartilage rings prevent collapse trachea
adventitia
outermost layer made connective tissue
carina
last tracheal cartilage expanded and found at point trachea branches 2 main bronchi
Bronchi & branches
air passages- 23 orders of branching- branching referred- bronchial tree
tips of bronchial tree:
conducting zone structures rise- respiratory zone structures
conducting zone structures
trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi
right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left
each main bronchus enters hilum 1 lung
each main bronchus then branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi
3 right and 2 left
each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
each lobar bronchus branches segmental (tertiary) bronchi
each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
segmental bronchi divide repeatedly
branches become smaller and smaller
bronchioles
less than 1mm in diameter
terminal bronchioles
smallest of all branches
less than 0.5 mm in diameter
lungs and alveoli
broken 2 zones
Respiratory
site gas exchange
microscopic structures respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, and alveoli
Conducting
conduits transport gas- and from gas exchange sites
includes all respiratory systems
cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
diaphragm
inhalation
contracts and flattens- chest cavity enlarges
crontraction
pulls air into lungs
exhalation
relaxes and returns domelike shape, air is forced out of lungs
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pleurisy
inflammation pleurae results pneumonia
inflammed pleaurae rough, resulting friction and pain with each breath
pleurae may produce excessive fluid, may exert pressure on lungs, hindering breathing
Pleural effection
fluid accumulation- pleural cavity
acelectasis
lung collapse due:
plugged bronchioles cause: collapse alveoli
occur either wound- parietal pleura/ rupture visceral pleura
Pulmonary ventilation
consists of inspiration and expiration
mechanical process depends volume changes in thoracic cavity
volume changes lead- pressure changes
pressure changes lead- flow of gases- equalize pressure
restrictive disease
TLC, FRC, RV increases because hyperinflation of lungs
obstructive pulmonary disease
increase airway resistance TLC, FRC, RV increases because hyperinflation of lungs
Pneumothorax
air in pleural cavity
can occur either wound in parietal pleura/ rupture visceral pleura
treated:
removing air with chest tubes
when pleurae heal lung reinflates
Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration
active process involving inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
action of diaphragm
dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, moves inferiorly and flattens
results increase- thoracic volume
action of intercostal muscles
external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out, much like when handle on a bucket is raised (outward as it moves upward)
results increase thoracic volume
thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs stretched as they are pulled out with thoracic cage
causes intrapulmonary pressure droop
because difference between atmosphere and intrapulmonary pressure, air flows-lungs, down its pressure gradient until
forced (deep) inspirations occur during vigorous excercise/ in ppl. with COPD
acessory muscles are also activated
scalenes, sternocleidmastoid, and pectoralis minor
act to further increase thoracic cage size, creating a larger pressure gradient so more air is drawn in
gases flow into lungs
Expiration
Quiet expiration normally passive process
inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases and lungs recoil
volume decrease causes inrapulmonary pressure- increase
forced expiration is active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well internal intercostal muscles
gases exit lungs
Intrapulmonary pressure
pressure inside lung decreases as lung volume increases during inspiration pressure increases during expiration
Intrapleural pressure
pleural cavity pressure becomes more negative as chest wall expands during inspiration. Returns to initial value as chest wall recoils
Volume of breathing
during each breath, pressure gradients move 0.5 liter of air into and out of lungs
Layers of Pleurae
thin, double- layered serosal membrane divides thoracic cavity 2 pleural compartments and mediastium
parietal pleura
membrane on thoracic wall, superior face diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
Visceral pleura
membrane external lung surface
Pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between 2 pleura
provides lubrication and surface tension assists expansion and recoil of lungs
volume pressure thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Pressure exerted from air surrounding body
760 mm Hg sea level = 1 atmosphere
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
Pressure in alveoli
also called intra- alveolar pressure
fluctuates with breathing
eventually equalizes with Patm
Transpulmonary Pressure
(Ppul- Pip)
pressure keeps lung spaces open
keeps lungs from collapsing
Intrapleural pressure
pressure- pleural cavity
fluctuates with breathing
Always- pressure (<Patm and <Ppul)
two inward forces lung collapse
1.Lungs tendency to recoil
becasue elasticity, lungs try- assume smallest size
Surface tension of alveolar fluid
surface tension pullls alveoli try- reduce alveolar size
one outward force tends- enlarge lungs
elasticity chest wall pulls thorax outward
Negative Pip affected opposing forces maintained strong adhesive force between parietal and visceral pleurae
Internal vs. External Respiration
Internal
exchange O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
O2 diffuses blood to tissue cells
CO2 diffuses tissue cells to blood
External
exchange O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
O2 diffuses from lungs to blood
CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs
Respiratory volumes and capacities
used to assess respiratory status
volumes
calculate respiratory capacities when mixed give info person's respiratory status
abnormal in people with pulmonary disorders
Spirometer
original, cumbersome clinical tool used- measure patient's respiratory volumes
electronic measuring devices used today
Tidal Volume (TV)
amount air moved into and out lung each breath
averages 500 ml
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume
2100- 3200 ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount air forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200ml)
Residual volume (RV)
amount air always remains in lungs
needed keep alveoli open
Capacities
2 or more respiratory volumes
Inpiratory capacity (IC)
sum TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
sum RV + ERV
VItal Capactiy (VC)
sum TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
sum all lung volumes (TV + IRV + ERV + RV)