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Angela Santander Period 1 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Angela Santander Period 1 Respiratory System
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose and nasal cavity
Nose
Only external portion of respiratory system
provides an airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptor
External nose
Root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex, nares
Nasal Cavity
Within posterior to external nose
Divided by the nasal septum
except for nasal vestibute rest of nasal cavity line with mucous membrane, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Nasal cavity superior to nostrils
Lined with vibrissae that filter coarse particles from inspired air
Ciliated cell sweep contaminated mucus posteriorly towards throat
Nasal conchae
scroll-like, muscosa- covered projections that protrude medically from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
Shapes help to increase mucosal area, enhance air turbulence
Functions to filter, heat, and mositen air
Paranasal sinuses
Air cavities within the frontal, sphenoid ethmoid, and maxillary bone
Form rings around nasal cavities
Function to lighten skull, secrete mucus, help warm and moisten air
Pharynx
funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
Three regions
Oropharynx
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces
Lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue
Nasopharynx
Air passageway (only air) posterior to nasal cavity
Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsils located on posterior wall
Laryngopharynx
Passageway for food and air
Posterior to upright epiglottis
extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Composed of skeletal muscle
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
Voice box
passageway for air moving from laryngopharynx to trachea
Contains vocal cords
attached to hyoid
Fucntions
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Provides patent airway
Trachea
Extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
Three layers of trachea
Submucosa
Connective tissue with seromucous glands
supported by C shaped cartilage rings
Adventitia
outermost layer made of connective tissue
Mucosa
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cell
Carina Trachea
Last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
Bronchi and branches
Consist of right and left main bronchi, which subdivides within the lungs to form lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchiolar walls lack cartilage but contain complete layer of smooth muscle
Constriction of this muscle impedes expiration
Functions
Air passageway
23 orders of branching
Conducting zone structures
Trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi
right main bronchus wider, shorter, and more vertical than left
Each main bronchus enters helium of one lung
Each main bronchus then branches into lobar (secodary) bronchi
Three on right and two on left
Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Segmental bronchi divides repeatedly
Branches become smaller and smaller
Bronchioles: less than one mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles: smallest of all branches
respiratory zone structures
Respiratory zone begin where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs contain cluster of alveoli
300 million alveoli
sites of actual gas exchange
Respiratory membrane
Blood air bairrier that consist of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membrane
Very thin (~0.5 um) allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
Alveolar walls consist of
Signle layer of squamous epithelium
Scattered cubodial alveolar cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
Cleans,warms and moistens incoming air
Lungs and alveoli
Left lung
Separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
Smaller than right because of postition of heart
Cardiac notch
a concave space on the left lung in which the heart lies
Right lungs
seperated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes
Superior and middle lobes
seperated by horizontal fissure
middle and inferior lobes
Seperated by oblique fissure
Oblique fissure of lung
seperates the inferior from the superior lobe
Alveoli
microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree
walls of simple squmous epithelium overlie thin basement membrane
External surfaces are intimately associated with pulmonary capillaries
Function
Main sites of gas exchange
paired composite organs that flank mediastinum in thorax. Composed primarly of alveoli and respiratory passageways. Stroma is elastic connective tissue, allowing lungs to recoil passively during expiration
Function
House respiratory passage smaller than the main bronchi
Root: site of vascular and brochial attachment to mediastinum
Costal surface: anterior, lateral and posterior surface
Apex: superior tip, deep to calvivle
Base: inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
Hilum: found on mediastinal surface, it is the site of entry/exit of blood vessels, brochi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Diaphragm
Two zones of lower respiratory tract
Conducting zone
Conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
Includes all other respiratory structures not part of respiratory zone
Warms and humidifies air
Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange, respiratory bronchioles, aveolar ducts, alveoli
Layers of the pleurae
pleurae: think, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Visceral pleura: membrane on the external lung surface
Parietal pleura: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs
Pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between two pleurae
Provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of
lungs
Major functions of the respiratory system
supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and
dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
Respiratory and circulatory system are closely coupled – if either system fails, body’s
cells die from oxygen starvation
Respiratory system
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration: exchange of O2and CO2between lungs and blood
Circulatory system
Internal respiration: exchange of O2and CO2between systemic blood
vessels and tissues
Transport of O2and CO2in blood
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
inspiration
Active process involving inspiratory muscles
Action of intercostal muscles:
when external intercostals contract, rib cage
is lifted up and out, much like when handle on a bucket is raised
Action of the diaphragm:
when dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves
inferiorly and flattens out
Forced (deep) inspirations can occur during vigorous exercise or in people with
COPD
expiration
Quiet expiration normally is passive process
Forced expiration is an active process that uses oblique and transverse
abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal muscles
Nonrespiratory air movements
May modify normal respiratory rhythm
Many processes can move air into or out of lungs besides breathing
Most result from reflex action, although some are voluntary
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
Pressure in alveoli
Also called intra-alveolar pressure
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with Patm
Transpulmonary pressure
Transpulmonary pressure = (Ppul −Pip)
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open
Keeps lungs from collapsing
intrapleural pressure (Pip)
Pressure in pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure (<Patm and <Ppul)
Two inward forces promote lung collapse
Surface tension of alveolar fluid
Lungs’ natural tendency to recoil
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond
the tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from
lungs
Tidal volume (TV)
amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
Residual volume (RV)
amount of air that always remains in lungs
respiratory volumes can be used to assess respiratory status
Respiratory volumes can be combined to calculate respiratory capacities
Respiratory Capacities
Combinations of two or more respiratory volumes
Inspiratory capacity (IC): sum of TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity (FRC): sum of RV + ERV
Vital capacity (VC): sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC): sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV+ ERV + RV)
Spirometer: original, cumbersome clinical tool used to measure patient’s respiratory
volumes
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal respiration
nvolves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
diffusion of gases between blood and tiss
External respiration (pulmonary gas exchange)
involves the exchange of O2 and CO2
across respiratory membranes
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Steep partial pressure gradient for O2 exists between blood and lungs
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
Basic properties of gases
Composition of alveolar gas
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tonsillitis
Infected and swollen tonsils that block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth
Air not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching lungs
When chronically enlarged, both speech and sleep can be disturbed
Surgery to remove is necessary
tonsillectomy
Laryngitis
Inflamation of the vocal fold that causes the vocal fold to swell interfering with vibrations
Changes to vocal tone, causing hoarseness; in severe cases, speaking is limited to a whisper
May be cause by overuse of voice or a viral infection
Atelectasis
lung collapse
Pneumothorax
When pleurae heal, lung reinflates
Can occur from either wound in parietal pleura or rupture of visceral pleura
Treated by removing air with chest tubes
Plugged bronchioles, which cause collapse of alveoli
Obstructive pulmonary disease
ncreased airway resistance
Restrictive disease
reduced TLC due to disease (example: tuberculosis) or
exposure to environmental agents (example: fibrosis)