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Respiratory System: Vanessa Martinez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System:
Vanessa Martinez
Period 1
Major Functions Of The Respiratory System:
Supplies Body with O2 for
Cellular Respiration
Disposes of CO2 a waste product of
Cellular Respiration
Also functions in olfaction and speech
Upper Respiratory System:
Consists Of:
-Nose and nasal cavity
-Paranasal sinuses
-Pharynx
The nose is the only external portion of respiratory system.It functions to provide an airway for respiration, moistens and warms air, filters and cleans air as well as serve as resonating chamber for speech and houses olfactory receptors.
It is divided into 2 categories
-
External Nose:
consists of the root, bridge, dorsum nasi and apex
Nasal Cavity:
divided by midline nasal septum.
The Pharynx connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus.there are 3 regions:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
3.Laryngopharnx
Lower Respiratory
Consists Of:
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Lungs
broken into 2 zones:
-respiratory zone: site of gas exchange
-conducting zone: conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange site
larynx: is also known as the voicebox and it provide patent airway, routes air and food into proper channels and serves as voice production.
The Trachea is also known as the windpipe and extends from larynx to medastinum where it divides to 2 main branch. It is composed of 3 layers Mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
Bronchi is conducting zone structure give rise to respiratory structures.
Layers of Pleurae:
thin double layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 2 pleural compartments and mediastinum
Parietal Pleura: membrance on thoracic wall
Visceral Pleura: membrane on external lung surface; provides lubrication
Disorders of the Respiratory System:
Pleurisy:
inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia
Pleural Effusion:
fluid accumalation in pleural cavity
Laryngitis
inflammation of the visceral folds
Tonsillitis:
infection of the tonsils
Atelectosis:
lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles and pneumothorax
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
increase airway resistance(bronchitis)
Restrictive disease:
decrease TLC due to disease (tuberculosis)
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Pulmonary Ventilation:
consists of inpiration and expiration. It is a mechanical process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity.
-Pressure changes lead to flow of gases to equalize pressure
Consists of Boyles Law
Inspiration:
occurs when the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract.
-as thoracic volume increases, lungs are stretched as they are pulled out with thoracic cage
Expiration
: occurs when the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax.
-It is a normally passive process and the inspiration muscle relax causing the thoracic volume to decrease and lungs recoil.
-
Internal vs. External Respiration:
External Inspiration:
involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation
External Respiration:
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels.
volume and pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity.
Events during inspiration and expiration:
1.Inspiratory muscles contract
thoracic cavity volume increases
lungs are stretched
intrapulmonary pressure drops
5.air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0.
Pressure relationships in cavity
atospheric pressure( Patm): 0 mm Hg(760 mm Hg)
-Transpulmonary pressure: 4 mmHg
-Intrapleural pressure (Pip)- 4 mmHg
-Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul): 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg)
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Voumes:
Tidal Volume (TV)
: amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
: amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs
Residual Volume (RV)
: amount of air that always remains in lungs
Respiratory Capacities: combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
: sum of TV +IRV
2.
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
: sum of RV + ERV
3.
Vital Capacity (VC)
sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV + ERV + RV)